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Psychology exam 2 > Psych exam 2 > Flashcards

Psych exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

melatonin

A

hormone released in response to daily cycles of light and dark

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2
Q

Microsleep

A

brief shifts in brain activity to the pattern normally recorded during sleep

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3
Q

Hypersomnia

A

Hypersomnia: excessive daytime sleepiness

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4
Q

Effects of sleep deprivation

A

Inattention, irritability, Sleep-deprivation psychosis: loss of contact with reality

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5
Q

Sleep: Stage 1

A

Small, irregular brain waves

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6
Q

Sleep: stage 2

A

Burst of brain wave activity that indicates a person is asleep (sleep spindles)

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7
Q

Stage 3&4

A

Deep sleep; Delta waves

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8
Q

REM sleep

A

Sleep marked by rapid eye movements, dreaming, reflects brain activity when awake

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9
Q

sleep apnea

A

Person stops breathing during sleep

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10
Q

Insomnia

A

difficulty getting to sleep or staying asleep

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11
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sudden irresistible sleep attack

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12
Q

Psychodynamic dream theory

A

internal conflicts and unconscious forces

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13
Q

Wish fulfillment

A

Many dreams express unconscious desires

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14
Q

Activation-synthesis

A

dreams are how brains process the random electrical discharged of REM sleep

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15
Q

Neurocognitive dream theory

A

Dreams reflect everyday waking thoughts and emotions

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16
Q

state-theory of hypnosis

A

“split” in awareness

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17
Q

autosuggestion

A

self-hypnosis

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18
Q

stimulant

A

substance that increases activity in the body and nervous system

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19
Q

depressant

A

substance that decreases activity in the body and nervous system

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20
Q

Hallucinogen

A

substance that alters or distorts sensory impressions

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21
Q

binge drinking

A

downing 5 or more drinks in a short time

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22
Q

learning

A

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

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23
Q

classical conditioning

A

A form of learning where reflex responses are associated with new stimuli

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24
Q

stimulus generalization

A

tendency to respond to stimulus similar to a conditioned stimulus

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25
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

learned ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

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26
Q

higher order conditioning

A

CS is strong enough to be used as an Unconditioned stimulus

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27
Q

CER

A

an emotional response that is linked to a previously nonemotional stimulus by classical conditioning

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28
Q

Vicarious classical conditioning

A

Respond emotionally to a stimulus by observing another person’s emotional reactions

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29
Q

operant conditioning

A

learned consequences

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30
Q

Law of effect

A

Responses that lead to desired effects are repeated; those that lead to undesired effects are not

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31
Q

Reinforcement

A

Something that increases response or behavior

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32
Q

Positive (reinforcements or punishments)

A

Something is added after behavior

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33
Q

Negative (reinforcements or punishments)

A

Something is taken away after behavior

34
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

non-learned reinforcers, usually those that satisfy physiological needs

35
Q

Disadvantages of punishment

A

Escape, Avoidance, Aggression

36
Q

Factors that affect the effectiveness of punishment

A

Timing, Consistency, Intensity

37
Q

Shaping

A

Molding responses gradually in a step by step fashion to a desired pattern

38
Q

Extinction

A

Weakening of a learned response when it is not followed by a reinforcement

39
Q

Generalization

A

tendency to respond to similar stimuli to those that preceded reinforcement

40
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning not immediately observable in the organism’s behavior

41
Q

Cognitive

A

Higher level learning involving thinking knowing and understanding

42
Q

Fixed ratio

A

number of correct responses a subject must give to receive reinforcement

43
Q

Variable ratio

A

varying number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer

44
Q

Fixed interval

A

first correct response made after the set time period has passed is reinforced

45
Q

Variable interval

A

varying time period must pass before a subject’s correct response can be reinforced

46
Q

Encoding

A

Putting information

47
Q

Storage

A

Holding information for later use

48
Q

Retrieval

A

Recovery of stored information

49
Q

Sensory

A

What is seen or heard

(holds large amounts of information) 1-2 secs

50
Q

Short-term memory

A

holds small amounts of information for short periods of time

51
Q

Long term memory

A

An unlimited capacity storage system that can hold information over lengthy period of time

52
Q

Iconic memories

A

Mental image or visual representation

53
Q

Echoic memory

A

sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is heard

54
Q

Selective attention

A

Puts information into the short term memory

55
Q

Chunking

A

Process of grouping similar or meaningful information together

56
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory

57
Q

Procedural memory

A

holds long term memories for how to do things that require motor or performance skills

58
Q

Declarative memory

A

Stores specific factual information ex. Names, faces, words

59
Q

Sematic memory

A

mental dictionary or encyclopedia of basic knowledge

60
Q

Episodic memory

A

Personal experiences

61
Q

Implicit memory

A

A recollection that a person does not know exists and is retrieved unconsciously

62
Q

Explicit memory

A

recollection that a person is aware of having or is consciously retrieved

63
Q

retrieval cues

A

Stimuli that aid retrieval

64
Q

Recognition

A

ability to correctly identify previously learned information

65
Q

Recall

A

a direct retrieval or facts or information with a minimum of external cues

66
Q

serial position effect

A

when remembering an ordered list, the tendency to forget the middle items

67
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Especially vivid and detailed recollection of an emotional event

68
Q

Consolidation

A

process where permanent memories are formed in the brain

69
Q

False memory syndrome

A

A memory that can seem true but is not

70
Q

encoding failure

A

failure to store sufficient information to form a useful memory

71
Q

Decay

A

The strength of memories weakens over time, making them harder to retrieve

72
Q

Disuse

A

Proposition that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrieved

73
Q

Retrieval failure

A

Failure to access memories even though they are available

74
Q

Retroactive interference

A

tendency for new learning to inhibit retrieval of old learning

75
Q

Proactive

A

when prior learning inhibits recall of later learning

76
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Forgetting events that occured before an injury or trauma

77
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Forgetting events that follow an injury or trauma

78
Q

hippocampus

A

Acts as a switching station between short term and long term memory

79
Q

Spaced practice

A

A practice schedule that alternates study periods with brief rests

80
Q

infantile amnesia

A

Inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories before the age of two to four year

81
Q

encoding specificity

A

Memories are easily retrieved if external conditions at the time of retrieval are similar to those in existence at the time the memory was stored

82
Q

context-dependent memory

A

Improved recall of specific episodes or information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same

Psychology exam 2 (1 decks)

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