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psych exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

executive function

A

the cognitive ability to organize and prioritize the thoughts that come from different parts of the brain for the person to anticipate, strategize, and plan behavior . between ages 2 and 6

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2
Q

corpus callosum

A

axon fibers connecting the left and right side of the brain allowing for communication between each side

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3
Q

lateralization

A

preferring to do something with one side of the brain with an activity. kicking a ball, winking with one eye, talking on the phone with a certain ear

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4
Q

myelination

A

axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron

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5
Q

impulse control

A

the ability to postpone or deny an immediate response to an idea or behavior

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6
Q

perseveration

A

sticking to one task or action

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7
Q

amygdala

A

tiny brain structure regulating emotion, -fear and anxiety

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8
Q

hippocampus

A

part of the brain for emotional memories

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9
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of brain that responds to signals from the amygdala and from the hippocampus by producing hormones that activate the pituitary gland and other parts of the body

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10
Q

pre-operational intelligence

A

ages 2-6 where language and imagination forms. not using logic yet. piagets second stage

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11
Q

symbolic thought

A

when an object can stand for something else out of sight or imaginary. a child can talk about a dog without seeing it

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12
Q

animism

A

when children believe that trees/ clouds inanimate objects are alive and can talk

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13
Q

centration

A

children focus on only one aspect of a situation

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14
Q

focus on appearance

A

a girl getting a short haircut and thinks she turned into a boy

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15
Q

static reasoning

A

belief that the world is never changing

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16
Q

irreversibility

A

the belief that nothing can be restored to the way it was before

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17
Q

conservation

A

the notion that the amount of something remains the same despite its change of appearance. water in 2 glass cups and pours into one bigger cup experiment.

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18
Q

zone of proximal development

A

sociocultural theory where new skills can be mastered in a certain subject or area

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19
Q

scaffolding

A

temporary support to children. holding a Childs hand when crossing the street but telling them to look both ways first

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20
Q

overimitation

A

when a child copies an elder when its irrelevant and unimportant. swearing because they heard their parents do it

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21
Q

theory-theory

A

children attempt to explain how/why things work by creating their own theories. when its thundering outside God is just moving furniture

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22
Q

theory of mind

A

a persons theory of what other people might be thinking. realizing that two different children might not be thinking the same thing

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23
Q

fast mapping

A

the way that children learn new words by quickly organizing them, can be imprecise

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24
Q

overregulation

A

applying grammar words when they should not. i goed to the store. should be oh you went to the store?

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25
Q

pragmatics

A

knowing which words, tones, and grammar should be used with whom.

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26
Q

child-centered

A

montessori and reggio emilia

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27
Q

teacher- centered

A

public school

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28
Q

emotional regulation

A

controlling your feelings

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29
Q

initiative vs. gulit

A

children try new things and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them. eriksons 3rd stage

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30
Q

intrinsic modivaton

A

doing something for the joy of it . musician playing for the love of music

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31
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

gain praise or reinforcement in doing something. musician playing for money

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32
Q

rough and tumble play

A

play that seems rough but has no intention to harm another

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33
Q

sociodramatic

A

pretend play in acting out scenes and taking roles

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34
Q

what are baumrinds parenting styles

A

authoritarian , authoritative , permissive , neglectful uninvolved

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35
Q

authoritarian

A

high behavioral standards and strict punishment

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36
Q

authoritative

A

set rules but parents are flexible with children

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37
Q

permissive

A

little discipline and control

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38
Q

neglectful or uninvolved

A

dont care much about childrens lives

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39
Q

sex differences

A

biological

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40
Q

gender differences

A

society

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41
Q

phallic stage

A

freud theory - ages 3-6 where penis becomes focus of concern

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42
Q

oedipus stage

A

the unconscious desire of young boys to replace their fathers and win their mothers love

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43
Q

gender schema

A

a childs understanding of male/ female differences

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44
Q

antipathy

A

feelings of hate or dislike to another person

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45
Q

prosocial

A

helpfulness without any obvious personal benefit . offering to share

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46
Q

antisocial behavior

A

hurting other people on purpose

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47
Q

what are the types of aggression

A

instrumental , reactive , relational , bullying

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48
Q

instrumental

A

2 year olds who want something and will hurt to get it

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49
Q

reactive

A

an impulsive retaliation for another persons hurtful action. punching someone

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50
Q

relational

A

verbal acts. insults or spreading rumors

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51
Q

bullying

A

repeated physical or verbal attack on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves

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52
Q

psychological control

A

childrens shame, guilt, and gratitude are used to control their behavior

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53
Q

child maltreatment

A

intentional harm to child `18 and under

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54
Q

reported maltreatment

A

harm where someone has called the authorities

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55
Q

sustained maltreatment

A

harm has be reported , investigated, and verified

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56
Q

levels of prevention

A

primary , secondary , tertiary

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57
Q

primary

A

changes social context to avoid diseases , injury or abuse

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58
Q

secondary

A

focuses on high risk. wearing a seat belt in the car

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59
Q

tertiary

A

immediate and effective medical treatment provided

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60
Q

kinship care

A

a relative becomes the caregiver

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61
Q

middle childhood

A

ages 6-11

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62
Q

bmi

A

body mass index . height to weight

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63
Q

overweight

A

bmi above 85th percentile of children same age

64
Q

obesity

A

bmi above 95th percentile of children same age

65
Q

concrete operational thought

A

ability to reason logically about experiences and perceptions . become logical . piaget

66
Q

classification

A

categorizing groups by what they have in common

67
Q

seriation

A

arranged in a logical series , number series and alphabet

68
Q

selective attention

A

ability to concentrate on something while being able to ignore others

69
Q

information processing theory (I.P.T)

A

human mind like a computer . information is gathered from the senses (input) , is stored and processed by the brain, and finally brings about a behavioral response (output)

70
Q

sensory memory

A

first component of information processing theory . incoming info is stored for a second to allow it to be processed

71
Q

working memory

A

conscious , mental activity

72
Q

long - term memory

A

limitless amount of information is stored

73
Q

knowledge base

A

broad body of knowledge to learn new information easier

74
Q

control processes

A

regulates analysis and flow of information. memory , processing speed, and the knowledge base control this

75
Q

metacognition

A

understanding of owns own learning

76
Q

automatization

A

when a sequence of thoughts and actions happen so often it becomes automatic. learning to read without conscious control

77
Q

ELLS

A

english language learners . ability to speak , write , and read english

78
Q

immersion

A

instruction is entirely in new language

79
Q

ESL

A

english as a second language

80
Q

hidden curriculum

A

the unstated rules that influence the curriculum , schedules, and setting in schools.unintended lessons

81
Q

TIMSS

A

trends in math and science study - science and math test

82
Q

PIRLS

A

progress in international reading literacy study- planned 5 year cycle on reading ability

83
Q

NCLB act

A

no child left behind . law created in 2001 to promote high national standards in public schools . low scoring schools lose funding

84
Q

NAEP

A

national assessment of education progress 4th , 8th , and 12th graders take reading math and other subjects standardized tests

85
Q

school types

A

charter , private , home schooling, public

86
Q

charter schools

A

schools with own rules funded by state or local districts

87
Q

private

A

schools funded by parents or sponsors

88
Q

developmental psychology

A

uses insight from usual brains to ones with developmental disabilities

89
Q

aptitude

A

the potential to master a certain skill or subject

90
Q

IQ tests

A

intelligence quotient . tests general intelligence

91
Q

achievement tests

A

tests to compare between grade norms . tests math, reading , science , writing and other subjects

92
Q

flynn affect

A

the rise in IQ scores over each decade

93
Q

multifinality

A

one cause can have many final manifestations ( special needs)

94
Q

equifinality

A

one symptom may have many cause ( special needs)

95
Q

specific learning disorder

A

no apparent physical disability . difficulty mastering skills others find easy

96
Q

dyscalculia

A

unusual difficulty in math

97
Q

neurodiversity

A

people with special needs to be accepted and apprectiated

98
Q

RTI

A

response to intervention

99
Q

industry vs. inferiority

A

eriksons 4th stage children try new things and if they fail they feel incompetent

100
Q

parentification

A

when a child acts like a parent. can happen when an actual parent isn’t active in the family

101
Q

shared environment

A

being in the same environment. being raised by the same parents in the same house

102
Q

unshared environment

A

different environments differing from each sibling. school/neighborhood

103
Q

family function

A

how the family works together to meet each others needs

104
Q

family structure

A

legal and genetic connections of the family

105
Q

types of familes

A

nuclear , single parent , extended family , polygamous family

106
Q

nuclear family

A

a family consisting of both parents and biological children under the age of 18

107
Q

extended family

A

a family of three or more generations living in one house

108
Q

polygamous family

A

one husband and two or more wives

109
Q

types of rejected children

A

aggressive rejected , withdrawn rejected

110
Q

aggressive rejected

A

a child not liked by their peers because their confrontational/antagonist

111
Q

withdrawn rejected

A

a child who avoids interaction with other children , not liked by others because they think their isolative or anxious

112
Q

kohlbergs 3 levels of moral reasoning

A

pre conventional , conventional , post conventional

113
Q

pre conventional

A

children are egocentric

114
Q

conventional

A

child observes around them and follows what everyone else does

115
Q

post conventional

A

beginning to question what is and what should be. more abstract thinking

116
Q

menarche

A

first menstrual period. average age is 12

117
Q

spermarche

A

first ejection of sperm . average age is 13

118
Q

hormones

A

body chemicals regulating hunger, sleep , moods, reproduction

119
Q

pituitary glands

A

part of brain that signals the hypothalamus that puberty should begin

120
Q

adrenal glands

A

two glands above the kidneys that produce hormones in response to the pituitary gland

121
Q

gonads

A

the sex glands . ovaries for females . testes for males

122
Q

estradiol

A

female sex hormone

123
Q

testosterone

A

male sex hormone

124
Q

secular trend

A

advances in growth and puberty because of bad foods . girls are getting puberty earlier

125
Q

growth spurt

A

weight usually precedes height and growth of limbs/ arm precedes torso size

126
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

ovaries , uterus , penis , testes

127
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

mans beard or woman’s breast. physical traits indicating sexual maturity

128
Q

formal operational thought

A

piagets 4th stage. teens begin to think abstractly

129
Q

adolescent egocentrism

A

believes that everyone is focused on them personally

130
Q

invisibility fable

A

thinking you can do anything without getting harmed . high speed driving , unprotected sex

131
Q

imaginary audience

A

belief that everyone is watching their behavior , ideas and appearance

132
Q

hypothetical thought

A

reasoning that includes possibilities that do not reflect reality

133
Q

deductive reasoning

A

reasoning to an abstract idea through thinking of logical ideas to create conclusions

134
Q

inductive reasoning

A

reasoning from specific experiences or facts to come to a general conclusion

135
Q

dual-process model

A

there are two modes of thinking in the brain. one for intuitive emotional response and one for analytical reasoning

136
Q

intuitive thought

A

arises from emotion or gut feelings . influenced by past experiences

137
Q

analytical thought

A

arises from logic and rationality. pros and cons, risks and complications

138
Q

entity theory of intelligence

A

idea that nothing can be done to improve ones academic skills. its innate, meaning intelligence is a fixed amount of present at birth

139
Q

incremental theory of intelligence

A

idea that intelligence can be increased over time through participation , homework , paying attention in class , and increased effort

140
Q

high stakes test

A

a test that determines something very important . ex if a single test was used to determine graduation

141
Q

identity vs. role confusion

A

eriksons 5th stage of development . child begins to wonder who they are

142
Q

identity achievement

A

person understands who they are and accepts/ denies values and goals from parents and culture to create own selves

143
Q

role confusion

A

lack of commitment to goals or towards future

144
Q

foreclosure

A

accepting the same values and traditions of your parents and not expanding your horizon of trying new things

145
Q

moratorium

A

taking time out to explore new things or follow a temporary path of commitment . ex going to college

146
Q

gender identity

A

acceptance of the roles and behaviors that are associated to biological male / female

147
Q

parental monitoring

A

parents watching what their teen is doing , who they’re with , and where they are

148
Q

deviancy training

A

when one person shows another person how to misbehave

149
Q

clinical depression

A

feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness . that lasts more than 2 weeks

150
Q

rumination

A

talking and mentally replaying (in head) past experiences

151
Q

suicidal ideation

A

thinking of killing oneself

152
Q

cluster suicide

A

several suicides within a group during a brief time span

153
Q

parasuicide

A

self- harm that could have been lethal but does not result in death - attempted suicide

154
Q

life-course persistent offender

A

a criminal / law breaker for their whole life

155
Q

adolescence - limited offender

A

a person who only does criminal activity while a teenager

156
Q

generational forgetting

A

the idea that each new generation forget what the previous generation learned

psych exam 2 (2 decks)

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