psych exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
executive function
A
the cognitive ability to organize and prioritize the thoughts that come from different parts of the brain for the person to anticipate, strategize, and plan behavior . between ages 2 and 6
2
Q
corpus callosum
A
axon fibers connecting the left and right side of the brain allowing for communication between each side
3
Q
lateralization
A
preferring to do something with one side of the brain with an activity. kicking a ball, winking with one eye, talking on the phone with a certain ear
4
Q
myelination
A
axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron
5
Q
impulse control
A
the ability to postpone or deny an immediate response to an idea or behavior
6
Q
perseveration
A
sticking to one task or action
7
Q
amygdala
A
tiny brain structure regulating emotion, -fear and anxiety
8
Q
hippocampus
A
part of the brain for emotional memories
9
Q
hypothalamus
A
part of brain that responds to signals from the amygdala and from the hippocampus by producing hormones that activate the pituitary gland and other parts of the body
10
Q
pre-operational intelligence
A
ages 2-6 where language and imagination forms. not using logic yet. piagets second stage
11
Q
symbolic thought
A
when an object can stand for something else out of sight or imaginary. a child can talk about a dog without seeing it
12
Q
animism
A
when children believe that trees/ clouds inanimate objects are alive and can talk
13
Q
centration
A
children focus on only one aspect of a situation
14
Q
focus on appearance
A
a girl getting a short haircut and thinks she turned into a boy
15
Q
static reasoning
A
belief that the world is never changing
16
Q
irreversibility
A
the belief that nothing can be restored to the way it was before
17
Q
conservation
A
the notion that the amount of something remains the same despite its change of appearance. water in 2 glass cups and pours into one bigger cup experiment.
18
Q
zone of proximal development
A
sociocultural theory where new skills can be mastered in a certain subject or area
19
Q
scaffolding
A
temporary support to children. holding a Childs hand when crossing the street but telling them to look both ways first
20
Q
overimitation
A
when a child copies an elder when its irrelevant and unimportant. swearing because they heard their parents do it
21
Q
theory-theory
A
children attempt to explain how/why things work by creating their own theories. when its thundering outside God is just moving furniture
22
Q
theory of mind
A
a persons theory of what other people might be thinking. realizing that two different children might not be thinking the same thing
23
Q
fast mapping
A
the way that children learn new words by quickly organizing them, can be imprecise
24
Q
overregulation
A
applying grammar words when they should not. i goed to the store. should be oh you went to the store?
25
pragmatics
knowing which words, tones, and grammar should be used with whom.
26
child-centered
montessori and reggio emilia
27
teacher- centered
public school
28
emotional regulation
controlling your feelings
29
initiative vs. gulit
children try new things and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them. eriksons 3rd stage
30
intrinsic modivaton
doing something for the joy of it . musician playing for the love of music
31
extrinsic motivation
gain praise or reinforcement in doing something. musician playing for money
32
rough and tumble play
play that seems rough but has no intention to harm another
33
sociodramatic
pretend play in acting out scenes and taking roles
34
what are baumrinds parenting styles
authoritarian , authoritative , permissive , neglectful uninvolved
35
authoritarian
high behavioral standards and strict punishment
36
authoritative
set rules but parents are flexible with children
37
permissive
little discipline and control
38
neglectful or uninvolved
dont care much about childrens lives
39
sex differences
biological
40
gender differences
society
41
phallic stage
freud theory - ages 3-6 where penis becomes focus of concern
42
oedipus stage
the unconscious desire of young boys to replace their fathers and win their mothers love
43
gender schema
a childs understanding of male/ female differences
44
antipathy
feelings of hate or dislike to another person
45
prosocial
helpfulness without any obvious personal benefit . offering to share
46
antisocial behavior
hurting other people on purpose
47
what are the types of aggression
instrumental , reactive , relational , bullying
48
instrumental
2 year olds who want something and will hurt to get it
49
reactive
an impulsive retaliation for another persons hurtful action. punching someone
50
relational
verbal acts. insults or spreading rumors
51
bullying
repeated physical or verbal attack on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves
52
psychological control
childrens shame, guilt, and gratitude are used to control their behavior
53
child maltreatment
intentional harm to child `18 and under
54
reported maltreatment
harm where someone has called the authorities
55
sustained maltreatment
harm has be reported , investigated, and verified
56
levels of prevention
primary , secondary , tertiary
57
primary
changes social context to avoid diseases , injury or abuse
58
secondary
focuses on high risk. wearing a seat belt in the car
59
tertiary
immediate and effective medical treatment provided
60
kinship care
a relative becomes the caregiver
61
middle childhood
ages 6-11
62
bmi
body mass index . height to weight
63
overweight
bmi above 85th percentile of children same age
64
obesity
bmi above 95th percentile of children same age
65
concrete operational thought
ability to reason logically about experiences and perceptions . become logical . piaget
66
classification
categorizing groups by what they have in common
67
seriation
arranged in a logical series , number series and alphabet
68
selective attention
ability to concentrate on something while being able to ignore others
69
information processing theory (I.P.T)
human mind like a computer . information is gathered from the senses (input) , is stored and processed by the brain, and finally brings about a behavioral response (output)
70
sensory memory
first component of information processing theory . incoming info is stored for a second to allow it to be processed
71
working memory
conscious , mental activity
72
long - term memory
limitless amount of information is stored
73
knowledge base
broad body of knowledge to learn new information easier
74
control processes
regulates analysis and flow of information. memory , processing speed, and the knowledge base control this
75
metacognition
understanding of owns own learning
76
automatization
when a sequence of thoughts and actions happen so often it becomes automatic. learning to read without conscious control
77
ELLS
english language learners . ability to speak , write , and read english
78
immersion
instruction is entirely in new language
79
ESL
english as a second language
80
hidden curriculum
the unstated rules that influence the curriculum , schedules, and setting in schools.unintended lessons
81
TIMSS
trends in math and science study - science and math test
82
PIRLS
progress in international reading literacy study- planned 5 year cycle on reading ability
83
NCLB act
no child left behind . law created in 2001 to promote high national standards in public schools . low scoring schools lose funding
84
NAEP
national assessment of education progress 4th , 8th , and 12th graders take reading math and other subjects standardized tests
85
school types
charter , private , home schooling, public
86
charter schools
schools with own rules funded by state or local districts
87
private
schools funded by parents or sponsors
88
developmental psychology
uses insight from usual brains to ones with developmental disabilities
89
aptitude
the potential to master a certain skill or subject
90
IQ tests
intelligence quotient . tests general intelligence
91
achievement tests
tests to compare between grade norms . tests math, reading , science , writing and other subjects
92
flynn affect
the rise in IQ scores over each decade
93
multifinality
one cause can have many final manifestations ( special needs)
94
equifinality
one symptom may have many cause ( special needs)
95
specific learning disorder
no apparent physical disability . difficulty mastering skills others find easy
96
dyscalculia
unusual difficulty in math
97
neurodiversity
people with special needs to be accepted and apprectiated
98
RTI
response to intervention
99
industry vs. inferiority
eriksons 4th stage children try new things and if they fail they feel incompetent
100
parentification
when a child acts like a parent. can happen when an actual parent isn't active in the family
101
shared environment
being in the same environment. being raised by the same parents in the same house
102
unshared environment
different environments differing from each sibling. school/neighborhood
103
family function
how the family works together to meet each others needs
104
family structure
legal and genetic connections of the family
105
types of familes
nuclear , single parent , extended family , polygamous family
106
nuclear family
a family consisting of both parents and biological children under the age of 18
107
extended family
a family of three or more generations living in one house
108
polygamous family
one husband and two or more wives
109
types of rejected children
aggressive rejected , withdrawn rejected
110
aggressive rejected
a child not liked by their peers because their confrontational/antagonist
111
withdrawn rejected
a child who avoids interaction with other children , not liked by others because they think their isolative or anxious
112
kohlbergs 3 levels of moral reasoning
pre conventional , conventional , post conventional
113
pre conventional
children are egocentric
114
conventional
child observes around them and follows what everyone else does
115
post conventional
beginning to question what is and what should be. more abstract thinking
116
menarche
first menstrual period. average age is 12
117
spermarche
first ejection of sperm . average age is 13
118
hormones
body chemicals regulating hunger, sleep , moods, reproduction
119
pituitary glands
part of brain that signals the hypothalamus that puberty should begin
120
adrenal glands
two glands above the kidneys that produce hormones in response to the pituitary gland
121
gonads
the sex glands . ovaries for females . testes for males
122
estradiol
female sex hormone
123
testosterone
male sex hormone
124
secular trend
advances in growth and puberty because of bad foods . girls are getting puberty earlier
125
growth spurt
weight usually precedes height and growth of limbs/ arm precedes torso size
126
primary sex characteristics
ovaries , uterus , penis , testes
127
secondary sex characteristics
mans beard or woman's breast. physical traits indicating sexual maturity
128
formal operational thought
piagets 4th stage. teens begin to think abstractly
129
adolescent egocentrism
believes that everyone is focused on them personally
130
invisibility fable
thinking you can do anything without getting harmed . high speed driving , unprotected sex
131
imaginary audience
belief that everyone is watching their behavior , ideas and appearance
132
hypothetical thought
reasoning that includes possibilities that do not reflect reality
133
deductive reasoning
reasoning to an abstract idea through thinking of logical ideas to create conclusions
134
inductive reasoning
reasoning from specific experiences or facts to come to a general conclusion
135
dual-process model
there are two modes of thinking in the brain. one for intuitive emotional response and one for analytical reasoning
136
intuitive thought
arises from emotion or gut feelings . influenced by past experiences
137
analytical thought
arises from logic and rationality. pros and cons, risks and complications
138
entity theory of intelligence
idea that nothing can be done to improve ones academic skills. its innate, meaning intelligence is a fixed amount of present at birth
139
incremental theory of intelligence
idea that intelligence can be increased over time through participation , homework , paying attention in class , and increased effort
140
high stakes test
a test that determines something very important . ex if a single test was used to determine graduation
141
identity vs. role confusion
eriksons 5th stage of development . child begins to wonder who they are
142
identity achievement
person understands who they are and accepts/ denies values and goals from parents and culture to create own selves
143
role confusion
lack of commitment to goals or towards future
144
foreclosure
accepting the same values and traditions of your parents and not expanding your horizon of trying new things
145
moratorium
taking time out to explore new things or follow a temporary path of commitment . ex going to college
146
gender identity
acceptance of the roles and behaviors that are associated to biological male / female
147
parental monitoring
parents watching what their teen is doing , who they're with , and where they are
148
deviancy training
when one person shows another person how to misbehave
149
clinical depression
feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness . that lasts more than 2 weeks
150
rumination
talking and mentally replaying (in head) past experiences
151
suicidal ideation
thinking of killing oneself
152
cluster suicide
several suicides within a group during a brief time span
153
parasuicide
self- harm that could have been lethal but does not result in death - attempted suicide
154
life-course persistent offender
a criminal / law breaker for their whole life
155
adolescence - limited offender
a person who only does criminal activity while a teenager
156
generational forgetting
the idea that each new generation forget what the previous generation learned
