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psych exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensation?

A

Physical process by which sensory organs respond to external stimuli

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2
Q

What is transduction?

A

Converts physical stimuli to neural impulses
“language translator”

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3
Q

What is perception?

A

Psychological process of making sense of stimuli
(differences in perception)

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4
Q

What is the receptor for visual sensory organs?

A

Rods and cones

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5
Q

What is the receptor for auditory sensory organs?

A

Hair cells

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6
Q

What is the receptor for olfaction sensory organs?

A

Olfactory receptors

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7
Q

What is the receptor for pain. sensory organs?

A

Nociceptors

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8
Q

What is the absolute threshold?

A

The threshold or level that must be pasted to be able to say you heard or saw something
ex. hearing test

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9
Q

What can affect absolute thresholds?

A

emotions and expectations
ex. phantom phone vibrations and fear of needles

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10
Q

What is just noticeable difference?

A

We want to be be able to tell the difference between two things we hear, see or feel
ex. driving past construction and raising music volume

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11
Q

What is webers law?

A

It is hard for people to tell the difference between two loud things than two quiet things

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12
Q

What part of the eye is involved in light regulation?

A

Iris (controls pupil size)

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13
Q

What part of the eye is involved in distance regulation?

A

Lens (helps see close and far)

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14
Q

What part of the eye is involved in color processing?

A

Cones

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15
Q

What is light adaptation?

A

Eyes ability to go into a light environment (involves cones)

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16
Q

What is dark adaptation?

A

Eyes ability to go into a dark environment (involves rods)

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17
Q

What is Gestalts theory?

A

People naturally look at a whole picture rather than its parts

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18
Q

Fast nerve pain fibers vs slow nerve pain fibers?

A

Fast: intense sharp pain
Slow: dull achy lingering pain

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19
Q

Fast nerve fibers vs slow nerve fibers?

A

Fast: have myelin sheath
Slow: no myelin sheath

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20
Q

Define the following classical conditioning terms:
-Neutral stimulus
-Unconditioned stimulus
-Unconditioned response
-Conditioned stimulus
-Conditioned response

A

Neutral stimulus: does not evoke meaningful response yet

Unconditioned stimulus: produces natural response

Unconditioned response: natural response no learning required

Conditioned stimulus: no longer neutral evokes a response

Conditioned response: response to learning

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21
Q

What is generalization and extinction in classical conditioning?

A

Generalization in classical conditioning:
Make generalizations of things that are similar

Extinction in classical conditioning: learned response becomes extinguished overtime (can relearn)

22
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Operant conditioning: learning by associating a response with reinforcement or punishment (behaviorism) learning through consequences

23
Q

What are kinds of reinforcement?

A

Positive reinforcement: trying to get something to happen again by adding something

Negative reinforcement: trying to remove something to make it happen again

24
Q

What are kinds of punishment?

A

Reducing a behavior’s frequency by either:
Adding (positive punishment) something that the individual does not like
Removing (negative punishment) something that the individual does not want removed

25
What is fixed interval and variable interval?
Fixed-interval: Reinforcement after a specified time has elapsed Ex: Scheduled pay/exams Knowing when likes/comments will arrive Variable-interval: Reinforcement after an unspecified time has elapsed Ex: Smartphone habits Waiting for likes/comments Checking phone aimlessly
26
What is fixed ratio and variable ratio?
Fixed-ratio: Reinforcement after a specified number of responses Ex: One free coffee per 10 drinks Ex: App login rewards Variable-ratio: Reinforcement after a unpredictable number of responses Slot-machines & addiction Swipe down to refresh Scrolling through tiktok
27
What is the process of memory?
Encoding: getting information into our brains Storage: retaining information in memory Retrieval: getting the information back out of memory
28
What is recall vs recognition?
Recall vs recognition: -Names and words are harder to recall faces are easier to recognize -You may not know a song title but you'll recognize it once you hear it
29
Explain the following types of memory in Atkins & Shiffrin’s model of storage?
Sensory memory: a brief mental trace of information that only last for a few seconds Short term memory: encompasses all the information in our head if repeated constantly it can be long term Long term memory: ultimate goal of memory permanents and limitless storehouse of information (can be many hours, days, weeks, months, or years)
30
What is selective attention?
Tendency to retain some pieces of information more than others Attention is limited Attention is biased Self-information: our minds are great at hearing our names
31
What is working memory?
Working memory: active manipulation of information -Distractions -Visual memories (photographic memory) -Memories strategies are critical to the long term memory process
32
What is chunking?
Organizing items into meaningful units ex. phone numbers 1 (123-456-7899) we remember them by organizing the information
33
What is maintenance rehearsal?
Maintenance rehearsal: shallow encoding by repetition of how the word sounds or looks like -Cramming for tests/index cards- blanking on test is heavily caused by maintenance rehearsal -Students who study before going to bed are more likely to remember than those who study in the morning Utilities of jingles- songs can be memorable
34
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Elaborative rehearsal: deep encoding of information meaning and relation to self -Associative learning -Applications to self
35
What are two types of amnesia?
Retrograde amnesia: inability to remember past memories Anterograde amnesia: inability to form new memories
36
Which type did patient H.M have? What brain area was compromised for H.M?
Anterograde amnesia, the hippocampus
37
What are the types of long term memory?
Explicit long term memory: involves the conscious storage of information Implicit long term memory: involves unconscious storage of information through the cerebellum -Muscle memory -Skills (driving, swings, bike riding)
38
What is dual process model?
The dual process model: System 1: thought that happens quickly, unconsciously, and with little effort expended System 2: thought that happens slowly, consciously and with much effort expended -Corrects for failures of system 1
39
What is the default system?
System 1
40
What are cognitive misers?
Being reluctant to do extra thinking than necessary -Without this our minds would be exhausted this help us strategically remember things
41
What are 3 common heuristics?
Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic: Tendency to anchor decisions on irrelevant information and adjust for that error insufficiency Representativeness Heuristic: Judgments of likelihood based on how stereotypes Availability Heuristic: Information accessibility as a cue for likelihood. Things that come easy to mind
42
What are schemas about people?
Self schema: athletic, smart, social Schemas about people: stereotypes (race, gender, age)
43
What are schemas?
Schemas: knowledge structures or expectations about the world
44
What schema guides behavior?
Schema guide behavior: script -Going to a restaurant, introducing yourself to a guy vs girl friend Schema provide structure: expectancy and violations -Catcalling
45
What is priming & the priming effect?
Priming schemas: Priming: planting or activating of a schemas in somebody's mind Priming effect: processing advantage for primed information
46
Compare supraliminal vs. subliminal priming
Supraliminal (not hidden right in your face) Subliminal (hidden you do not see coming)
47
What is Spearman’s general intelligence theory?
Spearman found that correlations were high between many different intelligences and thus could be summed into a single “g” coefficient that indicated overall intelligence.
48
Compare Gardner and Sternberg’s intelligence theories?
Gardner: independent intelligences Sternbergs: one overall intelligence
49
What is creative intelligence?
Using insight to solve problems thinking outside the box
50
What is functional fixedness?
Seeing objects as having one fixed purpose (fixed mindset)
51
Compare entity vs. incremental beliefs about intelligence
Entity belief: intelligence can not change Incremental belief: growth mindset Influenced by praise from parents or teacher
52
Compare achievement vs. aptitude tests
Achievement tests: assess what a person has learned ex. unit tests Aptitude tests: predict your ability to learn a new skill ex. SAT/ACT scores and state tests

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