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Personality Psychology > Psych Exam 2 > Flashcards

Psych Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 criteria for Personality Traits

A

Consistency: home, work, public, private
Stability: stays the same as you age
Individual differences: people have more or less of a trait than others

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2
Q

Idiographic Approach

A

single, individual personality study; recognition of uniqueness
Look at case studies (smaller scale) & unique experiences
Sees traits as idiosyncratic, not universal (person-centered)
Comparisons may not be possible

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3
Q

Nomothetic Approach

A

universal personality trait study; establishes generalizations
Sees traits as universal (variable-centered)
Comparison among individuals is possible
Individuality reflected in unique combinations of traits

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4
Q

Single Trait Approach

A

o What do people with a certain personality trait do?

o Examine correlations between one trait and many behaviors

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5
Q

Many Trait Approach

A

Who does that important behavior?

Examine correlations between one behavior and many traits

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6
Q

California Q-set Approach

A

•100 personality descriptions
•Sort into a forced choice, symmetrical, and normal distribution
•Compare characteristics within an individual
-part of many trait approach

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7
Q

Essential Trait Approach

A

oWhich traits are the most important? Which traits really matter?
oTheoretical approaches to reducing the many to a few:
Murray: 20 needs
Block: ego-control and ego-resiliency
oFactor analytic approaches to reducing the many to a few:
Cattell: 16 essential traits
Eysenck: psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism
Tellegen: positive emotionality, negative emotionality, constraint

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8
Q

Lexical hypothesis

A

Idea that important traits become embedded in our language

Led to five major clusters of personality traits, known as the Big

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9
Q

PEN Model

A

created by Eysenck
Three broad psychological dimensions (psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism)
Focused on physiological and genetic evidence for his theory

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10
Q

Sixth Factor in the HEXACO Model

A

honesty/humility

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11
Q

Typological Trait Approach

A

The structure of traits across individuals is not the same thing as the structure of personality within a person.
Important differences between people may be qualitative.

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12
Q

Myers-Briggs

A 
Used in workplaces, schools, counseling centers, management workshops, etc.
Items are choices between two options
Four opposing tendencies:
•Extroversion (E) vs. Introversion (I)
•Sensing (S) vs. Intuition (N)
•Thinking (T) vs. Feeling (F)
•Judgment (J) vs. Perception (P)
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13
Q

rank-order consistency

A

people tend to maintain the ways in which they are different from other people of the same age.

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14
Q

Temperament

A

genetically based behavioral tendencies seen in young children, even babies

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15
Q

Heterotypic continuity

A

The effects of fundamental temperamental tendencies change with age, but temperament and personality stay the same; behaviors associated with traits change. (Child: becomes upset, kicks someone - Adults: becomes upset, yells at someone)

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16
Q

Active person environment transaction

A

person seeks out compatible environments and avoids incompatible ones
ex. Aggressive person goes to bar for fights, introvert avoids social gatherings

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17
Q

reactive person environment transaction

A

different people respond differently to the same situation

Ex. Extravert finds party enjoyable; introvert finds same party unbearable

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18
Q

evocative person environment transaction

A

aspect of an individual’s personality leads to behavior that changes the situations he or she experiences
Ex. Conscientious person tells group “it’s time to get to work”; disagreeable person starts argument over minor matter

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19
Q

cumulative continuity principle

A

one’s environment becomes more stable with age

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20
Q

mean level changes

A

shifts in average scores with age

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21
Q

rank order consistency

A

Comparing someone to the average person of the same age

Personality has fairly high rank-order consistency, with correlations averaging about r = .50

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22
Q

Conscientious changes

A
  • Dip between ages 10-15ish

- increases between young adulthood and middle adulthood

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23
Q

neuroticism changes

A

decreases between young adulthood and middle adulthood

24
Q

agreeableness changes

A
  • Dip between ages 10-20

- increases after age 20

25
Q

openness changes

A

drops after childhood, then increases after age 20. Some will have another drop between ages 60 to 70.

26
Q

extraversion changes

A

drops after childhood, levels off

27
Q

When is personality the most stable?

A

Overall, personality changes the most during childhood and becomes the most stable when people are in their 40s and 50s

28
Q

Narrative Identity

A

How a person views his or her life, and how its trajectory fits into goals and dreams
Three aspects:
-Actor: traits and roles (from 0-death)
-Agent: goals and values (from 5-death)
-Author: life narratives (from 20 to death)

29
Q

sex differences in the Big Five

A

Women score higher in neuroticism & agreeableness
Women score slightly higher in conscientiousness
Women score slightly higher in extraversion
Men score slightly higher in openness
Men in collectivistic cultures may be closer to the norm for women in individualized nations (e.g., agreeableness)

30
Q

Social investment theory

A

suggests that personalities mature as young people enter important adult social roles – adult responsibilities!

31
Q

Maturation of personality

A

the pattern of more conscientiousness, more agreeableness, and less neuroticism

32
Q

psychotherapy method of change

A
  • Can produce long-term behavior change
  • Might have a downside
  • Often combined with psychiatric drugs
33
Q

general interventions method of change

A
  • Usually aimed at important outcomes

* Evidence of success for intensive programs for high-risk preschool students

34
Q

targeted interventions method of change

A

•address certain personality traits (Openness to experience, Tolerance for stress and defensiveness, Neuroticism, Narcissism, Self-control)
•Sociogenomic trait intervention model
–Step 1: Identify what the person wants to change
–Step 2: Do things outside of comfort zone until they become habits and automatic.
•Identify important goals and behaviors that would lead goal achievement.

35
Q

life experiences method of change

A
  • Positive: exercise, starting college or a job, beginning a serious relationship
  • Negative: trying drugs, onset of chronic disease
36
Q

Amygdala

A
  • Links perceptions and thoughts with emotional meaning
  • Role in negative and positive emotions
  • Role in assessing whether a stimulus is threatening or rewarding
  • Relevant traits: anxiety, fearfulness, sociability, sexuality
  • stronger responses in amygdala for neuroticism
  • Relevant for motivation
37
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

-Higher cognitive functions
•Pleasant emotions (left) and unpleasant emotions (right)
•Approach (left) and withdrawal (right)
•Inhibition of reactions to unpleasant stimuli (left)
•Emotional stability (left) and neuroticism (right)
•Propensity to get angry (left)
-Social and emotional understanding, self-control and regulation of impulses and feelings
-high in agreeableness= more activation in frontal lobe
-when damaged: disagreeableness and low conscientiousness

38
Q

Extraverts

A

-chronically underaroused
-less ascending RAS activation
more blood flow in temporal lobes

39
Q

Introverts

A
  • chronically overaroused
  • more ascending RAS activation
  • more blood flow in frontal lobes
40
Q

C-system

A

effortful, reflective thinking about self & others

41
Q

X-system

A

effortful, reflexive social thought

42
Q

Dopamine

A
  • Involved in responding to rewards and approaching attractive objects and people
  • Related to sociability, general activity level, and novelty seeking
  • Facilitates exploration, approach, and learning
  • *Low conscientiousness and high openness to experience may be linked to higher levels of dopamine *
43
Q

Serotonin

A
  • seems to lower impulsivity

- Related to fundamental dimension of stability – combo of C, A, and emotional stability

44
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A

Released in response to stress to create the fight-or-flight response

45
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • Role in mother-child bonding, romantic attachment, and sexual response
  • Decreases fearfulness
  • Increases perceptions of trustworthiness and attractiveness in others
  • Facilitates approach behaviors
46
Q

Testosterone

A

-related to aggression (and sexuality)
-People also vary in degree of prenatal testosterone exposure
•Your relative finger length = rough guide to your prenatal exposure to testosterone
•On average, people higher in testosterone have longer ring fingers relative to index fingers (lower 2D:4D ratios)

47
Q

morning people

A

tend to be higher in conscientiousness and agreeableness

48
Q

Evening people

A

higher in extraversion, neuroticism, and openness to experience

49
Q

contrast effect

A

Children try to be very different from their siblings

50
Q

Heritability

A

Heritability coefficients from twin studies ≈ .40
Heritability coefficients from non-twin studies ≈ .20
-Difference suggests that the effects of genes are interactive and multiplicative

51
Q

evolutionary personality psychology

A

Addresses how patterns of behavior that characterize all humans may have originated in the survival value of these characteristics

52
Q

evolutionary mismatch

A

refers to evolved traits that were once advantageous but became maladaptive due to changes in the environment

53
Q

inclusive fitness

A

an organism’s genetic success is believed to be derived from cooperation and altruistic behaviour

54
Q

fast and slow life history

A

fast life histories characterize individuals who tend to engage in impulsive and present-oriented decision-making and behavior, whereas slow life histories characterize individuals who tend to engage in more deliberative, future-oriented decision-making and behavior.

55
Q

Five Stress Tests for Evolutionary Psychology

A

methodology, reproductive instinct, conservative bias, human flexibility, biological determinism or social structure?

56
Q

biological reductionism

A

refers to the way that biological psychologists try to reduce behaviour to a physical level

Personality Psychology (1 decks)

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