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Psych Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Mental Disorder

A

-Broadly defined as a persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions that cause significant distress or impairment.
-Impairment of functioning

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2
Q

Comorbidity

A

The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

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3
Q

Abnormal Psychology

A

The study of psychological disorders

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4
Q

Normal vs. Abnormal

A

-Society is one of the core influences of perceptions
-Common misperceptions of psychological disorders.
-Strong social stigma attached to having mental illness

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5
Q

Classification of Disorders

A

-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental -Disorders- Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) (2022)
-Formerly known as DSM-5 (2013)
-A classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder.

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6
Q

Criticisms of The DSM

A

-Lacks consistency with the ICD – International Classification of Diseases (WHO)
-Inclusion of conditions that are too “normal” to be considered a disorder
-Uses arbitrary cutoffs for the line between people with and without illness
-Gender bias with diagnosis and treatment

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7
Q

Medical model

A

-A diagnosis in a certain category is likely to have a distinctive cause
-Etiology
-A diagnosis in a certain category is likely to have a common prognosis
-Typical course over time and susceptibility to treatment and cure

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8
Q

Causation of Disorders

A

Most psychologists take a biopsychosocial perspective that explains mental disorders as the result of interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors.

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9
Q

Bio Factors

A

Genetic influences, biochemical imbalances, abnormalities in brain structure and function

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10
Q

Psycho Factors

A

Maladaptive learning and coping, cognitive biases, dysfunctional attitudes, interpersonal problems

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11
Q

Social Factors

A

Poor socialization, stressful life experiences, cultural and social inequalities

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12
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

-Suggests that a person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
-Allows the idea that most disorders have both internal (biological and psychological) and external (environment) causes

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13
Q

Dangers of Labeling

A

Psychiatrist labels can have negative consequences.

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14
Q

Negative stereotypes and stigma

A

-Idea that mental disorder is a sign of personal weakness
-All psychiatric patients are dangerous

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15
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

The class of mental disorders in which excessive, uncontrollable, and often irrational worry interferes with daily functioning.

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16
Q

Phobic Disorders

A

Disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear as well as avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations

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17
Q

Specific Phobia

A

-Irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function.

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18
Q

5 Categories of Specific Phobia

A

-Animals
-Natural Environments
-Situations
-Blood, injections, and injury
-Other phobias

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19
Q

Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder)

A

-Irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed.
-Can be restricted to situations
-Or can be generalized to a variety of social situations that involve being observed or interacting with unfamiliar people

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20
Q

Agoraphobia

A

-A specific phobia involving fear of public places.
-Often times, they are afraid that something bad will happen when they are in a public place (i.e. panic symptoms) and they will not be able to escape or get help.
-Extreme cases -> some with agoraphobia are unable to leave home, sometimes for years.
-Sometimes co-occurs with panic disorder

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21
Q

Panic Disorder

A

A disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror

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22
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

-A disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry, not focused on any particular threat, that is accompanied by 3 or more of the following symptoms
-Restlessness
-Fatigue
-Concentration problems
-Irritability
-Muscle Tension
-Sleep Disturbance

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23
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

-A disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off the those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual’s functioning.
-Compulsions are often used to help calm the anxiety caused by their obsessions.
-Compulsions are often related to unrealistic fears or worries one with OCD may have, especially in children with OCD.

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24
Q

Symptoms of OCD

A

Common Obsessions:
-Fear of contamination
-Needing everything to be even or asymmetrical
-Extreme worry about safety
-Feel that they might do something violent or terrible

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25
Q

Biological Cause of OCD

A

Differences in the brain may include dysfunction in the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and striatum have been most strongly impacted.

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26
Q

Genetic Cause of OCD

A

Those with first-degree relatives of adults with OCD, are 2x more likely to have OCD as well.

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27
Q

Learning Causes of OCD

A

Individuals may learn obsessions & compulsions from watching family members or gradually learning them over time.

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28
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

A

Relatively common, consists of distressing or impairing preoccupation with imagined or slight defects in appearance

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29
Q

Hoarding Disorder

A

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, due to a perceived need to save them distress at the thought of getting rid of items excessive accumulation of items regardless of value

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30
Q

Trichotillomania (TTM)

A

Impulse control disorder in which people fail to resist urges to pull out own hair noticeable hair loss

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31
Q

Excoriation Disorder

A

A skin-picking disorder characterized by the repetitive and compulsive picking of skin, which causes tissue damage and lesions

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32
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

-A disorder characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind
-May occur in people who’ve experienced or witnessed a traumatic event; characterized by intense, disturbing thoughts and feelings related to a traumatic or stressful event
-Symptoms usually set in within 3 months following a traumatic event

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33
Q

PTSD Symptoms

A

-Re-experiencing symptoms: flashbacks, nightmares, involuntary thoughts
-Avoidance symptoms: staying away from people, places, situations, or objects
-Cognitive and mood symptoms: inability to remember vital features of event; persistent fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame; anhedonia
-Arousal and reactivity symptoms: hypervigilance, tense and edgy, easily startled, irritable behavior; difficulty sleeping

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34
Q

Mood Disorders

A

-Mental disorders characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness, and hopelessness.
-Causes impaired emotional, cognitive, behavioral , and physical function.

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35
Q

Emotional

A

Sad, hopeless, guilty, emptiness, disconnected from others, turning away, isolation

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36
Q

Cognitive

A

Difficulty thinking, concentrating or remembering; global negativity; suicidal ideation

37
Q

Physical

A

Changes in appetite, weight; insomnia; early morning waking; aches and pains; decreased sex drive & mental energy

38
Q

Behavioral

A

Dejected facial expressions; less eye contact, slowed movement, speech, and gestures.

39
Q

Major depressive disorder [or unipolar depression] (MDD)

A

-Simply known as depression
-Characterized by a severely depressed mood and/or inability to experience pleasure that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbance.
-Loss of interest in hobbies, interests, etc.
-Insomnia or sleeping too much

40
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

A

-Recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern.
-In most cases, SAD episodes begin in fall or winter and remit in spring.
-Occurs in this pattern because of reduced levels of light over the colder seasons
-However, summer depressive episodes can happen but winter-related patterns of depression appear to be more prevalent.

41
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

-A conditioned characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression).
-Named bipolar because people go from one end of the emotional pole (extreme depression) to the other end (extreme mania).

42
Q

Mania

A

-Distinct period of high energy & increased activity
-Elevated, expansive or irritable mood
-Extreme euphoria, happiness, and excitement
-Rapid thoughts and speech
-Increased energy and activity, inflated self-esteem, decreased sleep, racing throughs, pressured speech, risky behavior
-Hallucinations and delusions

43
Q

Depression

A

Marked by sad mood & loss of interest or pleasure in things

44
Q

Bipolar 1

A

-Characterized by mania (doesn’t require depressive episodes, but can have them)
“more highs” than lows
-More severe
-Symptoms interfere with daily life
-1 or more manic episodes or mixed episodes that can lead to:
-Hospitalizations
-Psychotic Features
-Hallucinations, delusions
-In order to be diagnosed, must have experienced at least 1 manic episode lasting at least a week long

45
Q

Bipolar 2

A

-Characterized by Hypomania
-Less intense experience of mania that features the same increased energy and activity levels without the same impairment in daily functioning in Bipolar 1.
-Elevated mood during hypomanic episodes
-Symptoms are shorter and less intense
-Often misdiagnosed as depression because one may have not experienced mania just yet.

46
Q

Cyclothymia

A

-Milder form of Bipolar Disorder
-Moderate but frequent mood swings for 2+ years
-But not severe enough for bipolar or major depression
-Alternation between hypomanic symptoms and mild or moderate depressive moods (like Bipolar 2)
-Less severe
-Higher functioning

47
Q

Myths about Bipolar Disorder

A

-Bipolar disorder is rare
-Bipolar Disorder has only one type
-People with Bipolar Disorder are ALWAYS either manic or depressed?

48
Q

Psychotic Disorder (Psychosis)

A

-Thoughts and emotions are so impaired that contact is lost with external reality
-Can be caused by different triggers such as mental health disorders, medical conditions, or substance use.

49
Q

Schizophrenia

A

-A psychotic disorder characterized by:
-The profound disruption of basic psychological processes
-A distorted perception of reality
-Altered or blunted emotion
-Disturbances in through, motivation, and behavior

50
Q

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Symptoms of Schizophrenia are often separated into positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms.

51
Q

Positive Symptoms

A

Thoughts & behaviors not seen in those without the disorder

52
Q

Delusions

A

False beliefs, often bizarre and grandiose that are maintained in spite of their irrationality

53
Q

Hallucinations

A

False perceptual experiences that feel real despite the absence of external stimulation

54
Q

Incoherent/disorganized speech/thought

A

Illogical thinking, peculiar associations, belief in supernatural

55
Q

Grossly Disorganized Behavior

A

Behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with motor disturbances

56
Q

Catatonic Behavior

A

Marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity

57
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

Deficits or disruptions to normal emotion and behaviors

58
Q

Flat affect

A

Diminished emotional expression thru facial expressions, body language, and vocal inflections

59
Q

Avolition

A

Inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed activities

60
Q

Anhedonia

A

Inability to experience pleasure from positive stimuli

61
Q

Alogia

A

Reduction or lack of speech

62
Q

Asociality

A

Lack of interest in socializing

63
Q

Cognitive Symptoms

A

-Deficits in executive functioning, attention, and working memory
-Least noticeable symptoms because they are much less bizarre and public than the positive & negative symptoms.
-Cognitive deficits play a large role in preventing people w/ Schizophrenia from achieving a high level of functioning, such as maintaining friendships and holding down a job.
-May look like disorganized thinking, slow thinking, difficulty understanding, poor concentration and memory, difficulty expressing thoughts, emotions , etc.

64
Q

Brain Abnormalities

A

People who tend to have more negative symptoms of schizophrenia also tend to show lower levels of brain activity in key brain areas

65
Q

Dopamine Hypothesis

A

Schizophrenia is caused by an abundance of dopamine activity.

66
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A

-Condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits, as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities
-As defined in the DSM-5, ASD includes a range of conditions:
-Autism
-Asperger’s Syndrome
-Childhood disintegrative disorder

67
Q

Difficulty interacting with others

A

May have reduced interest in other people, poor eye contact

68
Q

Difficulty communicating

A

Delayed or no speech, may echo words or expressions

69
Q

Restricted or repetitive behavior or interests

A

Unusual interests, rituals, hand-flapping

70
Q

Understanding the Spectrum

A

-There is a wide-range of skills possible with autism
-Some people with autism have an excellent vocabulary and high IQ,
but limited conversational and social skills, and restricted interests. Others may be nonverbal with a very low IQ.
-Not all people with delayed language
or behavior issues have autism

71
Q

Common Behaviors (ASD)

A

-Not respond when name is called
-Not share enjoyment
-Have repetitive, self-stimulatory
or “stimming” behaviors (e.g. hand flapping, spinning, rocking, screaming, humming, etc.)
-Have difficulty shifting from one activity to another
-Get upset with a change in routine
-Over-react to things
-Act unexpectedly

72
Q

Communication Challenges (ASD)

A

-Have poor eye contact
-Have difficulty expressing him or herself or have no language (non-verbal)
-Use physical contact to get needs met
-Not use gestures such as pointing, nodding yes, shaking head no
-Have difficulty following directions
-Express themselves by crying or screaming
-Repeat something that was heard earlier
-Be unable to identify common objects

73
Q

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

A

Persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause significant impairments in functioning

74
Q

Conduct Disorder

A

A condition in which a child or adolescent engages in a persistent pattern of deviant behavior involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious rule violations.

75
Q

Personality Disorders

A

-Rigid and unhealthy pattern of cognitions, functioning, and behaviors
-Trouble relating to situations and other people
-An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates significantly from expectations one holds based on cultural norms
-Behavioral patterns tend to be fixed and consistent across situations 🡪 significant distress and impairment
-Broken into 3 clusters: Cluster A, Cluster B, & Cluster C
-Difficulty in social relationships & social expectations

76
Q

Cluster A

A

Odd & Eccentric

77
Q

Schizoid

A

Detachment from social relationships, limited emotional expression – not related to schizophrenia
-Loners, prefer solitary activities; rarely express strong emotion

78
Q

Paranoid

A

-Suspiciousness and general mistrust; always on guard
-Believes people are constantly out to harm, demean, or threaten
-Habits of blame and distrust in others
-Unforgiving, hypersensitive, belief that others are using them

79
Q

Schizotypal

A

-Discomfort with close relationships, cognitive/perceptual distortions, eccentricities
-Inability to understand how and why relationships form, or how their behaviors impact other people
-Misinterpret motivations of others\significant mistrust

80
Q

Cluster B

A

Dramatic, Erratic, & Overly Emotional

81
Q

Borderline

A

-A serious mental disorder characterized by extreme emotional reactions, impulsivity, attention-seeking, unstable relationships & self-image
-Ongoing feelings of emptiness, intense displays of anger; seeking reassurance

82
Q

Antisocial

A

-Disregard for morals, feelings, or needs of others; manipulation
-Aggression and violent behavior, lack of remorse, irresponsibility, lying, stealing
-Sociopaths (sense of morality but deviant, criminal acts) and psychopaths (no morality)
-Deceive, manipulate, or harm others for personal gain (including therapists)

83
Q

Histrionic

A

-Excessive emotionality and constant attention-seeking
-Shallow, changing behaviors, concern with appearance

84
Q

Narcissistic

A

-Inflated sense of self, need for attention, lack of empathy
-Failure to recognize others’ needs and feelings; arrogance, unreasonable,

85
Q

Cluster C

A

Anxious & Fearful

86
Q

Dependent

A

-Submissive and clingy behavior, excessive need to be taken care of and dependence on others
-Fear of having to fend for own self, lack self-confidence
-Tolerance of poor/abusive treatment

87
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)

A

-Preoccupation with orderliness, details, perfection, and control
-Rigid, stubborn, neglectful of relationships, desire to be in control
-Distress and dysfunction when perfection is not achieved; frugal/tight budgeting

88
Q

Avodiant

A

-Extreme social inhibition, inadequacy, and sensitivity to criticism and rejection
-Avoidance of activities that require interpersonal contact
-Socially inhibited, timid, avoids new activities or new people
-Fear of disapproval, embarrassment, or ridicule

Sarah Psych (3 decks)

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