Psych Cognition - Laborde

Question 1

1. Which of the following statements is false?

Answer 1

a. People greatly overestimate their lie detection accuracy.
b. People can rely solely on their common sense.
c. People often underestimate intuition’s risk.
d. The hindsight-bias is also known as the I-knew-it-all-along-phenomenon.

Question 2

2. Which of the following statements is right?

Answer 2

a. In reality random sequences occur less often than people expect.
b. tendency to perceive patterns in random events –> underestimate intuition
c. Oskarsson et al.: patterns and streaks occur more often than people expect.
d. Oskarsson et al.: patterns and streaks occur less often than people expect.

Question 3

3. The Scientific Attitude…

Answer 3

a. …includes being curious, sceptical and realistic.
b. …includes humility as an openness to new perspectives.
c. …didn’t influence modern science at all.
d. …includes being curious, cynical and humble.

Question 4

4. You learned that psychology’s critical inquiry has been open to surprising findings. Which one is wrong?

Answer 4

a. Massive losses of brain tissue early in life have minimal long-term effects
b. Within days, new-borns can recognize their mother by her odor.
c. Opposites tend to attract.
d. Diverse groups report comparable levels of personal happiness.

Question 5

5. A scientific method…

Answer 5

a. …is a self-correcting process for asking and answering questions.
b. …includes only a theory and the resulting research.
c. includes repetition of the essence of research study with same participants
d. …includes an operational definition, which is a testable prediction.

Question 6

6. Which of the following statements about replication is false?

Answer 6

a. Replication is confirmation.
b. Replication enables scientific self-correction.
c. Replication helps us to feel sure of the phenomenon’s power.
d. Replication does not enable scientific self-correction.

Question 7

7. Tick the WRONG answer. Professional psychologists…

Answer 7

a. …use case studies in the hope of revealing universal principles.
b. …start with a description in any science.
c. …use case studies to suggest directions for further study.
d. …can explain behaviour with a case

Question 8

8. Which of the examples fit to ‘unsymbolized thinking’ (Experiment of Heavey and Russell Hurlburt (2008))?

Answer 8

a. Susan was saying to herself, “I’ve got to get to class.”
b. Paul was imagining the face of a best friend, including her neck and head.
c. Alphonse was wondering whether the workers would drop the bricks.
d. Courtney was experiencing anger and its physical symptoms.

Question 9

9. Which of the following statements is false?

Answer 9

a. With very large samples, estimates become valid.
b. correlation coefficient=statistical index of relationship between 2 things
c. Little scatter indicates high correlation in a scatterplot.
d. In a random sample each member has equal chance to be part

Question 10

10. Regression toward the Mean means…

Answer 10

a. …the tendency for extreme or unusual scores.
b. …after many usual events, things tend to improve.
c. extraordinary happenings tend to be followed by more extraordinary ones
d. …a fluctuating behaviour returns to normal.

Question 11

11. In an experiment…

Answer 11

a. …you assign selected people to an experimental and control group.
b. want to isolate cause and effect only by constantly holding other factors
c. …you have a control group being not exposed to the treatment.
d. …you uncover naturally occurring relationships.

Question 12

12. The placebo effect…

Answer 12

a. …is prevented in double-blind procedures.
b. …is well documented in depression, but not yet in anxiety.
c. …is stronger in children than in adults.
d. …are experimental results caused by training.

Question 13

13. Which of the following statements about dependent and independent variables isn’t true?

Answer 13

a. The confounding variable in an experiment might produce an effect.
b. The independent variable in an experiment is the factor that is manipulated
c. The dependent variable is the variable whose effect is being studied.
d. Confounding variables can potentially influence results of the experiment.

Question 14

14. Which of the following statements about research methods is right?

Answer 14

a. The descriptive method cannot specify cause and effect.
b. The correlational method detects naturally occurring relationships
c. The independent variable is manipulated in the descriptive method.
d. To observe and record behavior it’s recommended to use experimental methods

Question 15

15. Which of the following statements is false?

Answer 15

a. The experimenter intends laboratory environment to be a simplified reality.
b. The resulting principles help explain everyday behaviours.
c. Psychological science focuses more on particular behaviours.
d. Principles derived in laboratory typically generalized to everyday world.

Question 16

16. Which of the following statements about studying animals is true?

Answer 16

a. It led to treatments for human diseases.
b. The same process by which we learn is present in dogs and monkeys.
c. Only humans have benefited from animal research.
d. The same process by which we learn is present in cats and monkeys.

Question 17

17. Measures of central tendency…

Answer 17

a. …includes the mode, which is the middle score in a distribution.
b. includes the mean, the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
c. includes median, obtained by adding scores and dividing by number of scores
d. includes the mode, the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

Question 18

18. Which of the following statements is false?

Answer 18

a. The mean may be biased by a few extreme scores.
b. Standard deviation is much more informative than mean alone.
c. normal distribution is an asymmetrical, bell-shaped curve
d. Range = difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

Question 19

19. It is safer to generalize from a sample, …

Answer 19

a. …if observations are more variable instead of less.
b. …if you have more cases instead of a few cases.
c. …if it is from exceptional and memorable cases one finds at the extremes.
d. …if the average comes from scores with high variability.

Question 20

1. Which of the following statements is true?

Answer 20

a. Psychology’s first laboratory was in Dresden
b. Wilhelm Wundt created an experimental apparatus: “atoms of the mind”
c. People responded in about three-tenth of a second in Wundt’s machine.
d. The birth of psychology was on a summer day in 1879

Question 21

2. Which of the following statements about structuralism is false?

Answer 21

a. It was promoted by Wundt and Titchener
b. Wundt engaged people in self-reflective introspection
c. results didn’t vary from person to person,but from experience to experience
d. Titchener searched for the mind’s structural elements

Question 22

3. Who wrote the famous book “Principles of Psychology” 1890?

Answer 22

a. William James
b. Henry Holt
c. Edward Bradford Titchener
d. Wilhelm James

Question 23

4. Which of the following statements about functionalism is false?

Answer 23

a. It is promoted by James and influenced by Darwin
b. Titchener assumed that thinking developed because it was adaptive
c. James explored how mental and behavioural processes function
d. James encouraged explorations of the functions of emotions and memories

Question 24

5. Mary Whiton Calkins

Answer 24

a. took the degree from Radfliffe College
b. was the first female psychology Ph.D.
c. had no gender problems in Harvard
d. became a pioneering memory researcher

Question 25

6. Which of the following statements is true?

Answer 25

a. Psychology was defined as “the science of mental life” until 1930s
b. Watson and Rayner showed that anger could be learned
c. Watson redefined psychology as “the scientific study of hidden behavior”
d. Skinner studied how consequences shape behavior

Question 26

7. Sigmund Freud

Answer 26

a. was a leading behaviorist
b. shared Watson’s ideas
c. influenced humanity’s self-understanding
d. thought that the own mind is guided by its own wishes

Question 27

8. Which of the following statements is true?

Answer 27

a. Humanistic psychologists found Freudian psychology&behaviorism too limiting
b. The Cognitive Revolution was led by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
c. The Humanistic psychology helps to treat disorders such as depression
d. In Cognitive Neuroscience the current environmental influence is important

Question 28

9. Which answer about the nature-nurture issue is right?

Answer 28

a. The debate is ancient
b. Aristotle was of the opinion that we inherit character and intelligence
c. Today’s science thinks that genes are more important than experience
d. Locke&Descartes argued:the mind is a blank slate on which experience writes

Question 29

10. The book “On the Origin of Species”

Answer 29

a. was published in 1856
b. has no influence on today’s life
c. was written by Daniel Dennett
d. explained the diversity: evolutionary process of natural selection

Question 30

11. Which of the statements is false?

Answer 30

a. Our culture shapes our behavior
b. Culture influences our standards, attitudes and willingness
c. People in different cultures didn’t vary in feelings of loneliness
d. Culture is transmitted from one generation to the next

Question 31

12. Which of the statements is true?

Answer 31

a. Attitudes don’t vary by gender, but across cultures
b. Behavior don’t vary across cultures, but by gender
c. Attitudes and behavior vary by gender or across cultures
d. there are no differences by gender in our risk for depression

Question 32

13. Positive Psychology

Answer 32

a. is related to “human flourishing”
b. was rejected by Martin Seligman
c. is needed in order to repair damage and cure disease
d. doesn’t use scientific methods

Question 33

14. Which of the answers is true?

Answer 33

a. The evolutionary perspective is used in the biological and social subfield
b. cognitive perspective focuses on: how we learn observable responses
c. only one or two perspectives are helpful
d. genetic mutations&emotional responses are part of biological influences

Question 34

15. Which answer to which perspective is right?

Answer 34

a. behavioral:view an outburst as an outlet for unconscious hostility
b. social-cultural:study how our interpretation of situations affects anger
c. cognitive:how expressions of anger vary across cultural context
d. psychodynamic:might view an outburst as an outlet for unconscious hostility

Question 35

16. Psychologists

Answer 35

a. provide always a psychotherapy or some drugs to help the patient
b. experiment with, observe, test and treat behavior
c. treating people with psychological disorders = forensic psychologists
d. only want to describe behavior

Question 36

17. Which of the following statements is false?

Answer 36

a. Psychologists can engage in interdisciplinary studies
b. Body-mind connection is well-researched
c. Leo Tolstoy saw psychology’s limits
d. Psychology is influenced by modern cultures, but not the other way round

Question 37

18. The testing effect

Answer 37

a. enhanced memory after retrieving information
b. was introduced by Roedinger and Wundt in 2006
c. means rereading
d. describes the opposite of the SQ3R

Question 38

19. SQ3R

Answer 38

a. means to actively search before you question yourself
b. is a study method only for students
c. includes testing yourself
d. is an acronym for 4 steps: Survey,Question,Retrieve&Review

Question 39

20. Which of the following statements is true?

Answer 39

a. overlearning doesn’t help to improve retention
b. You should spend more time on the input side and less on the output side
c. Interleaving boots short-term retention and protects against overconfidence
d. Process class information actively to understand and retain it better