Psych Chapter 8 Flashcards
Unlearned behavior: 2 types
Instinct - knowledge, behavior involving complex patterns of behavior
Reflex - automatic response by organism to stimulus in environment
Learned behavior
Learning - change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience
Associative - involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment
Reflexes
Motor/neural reactions to specific stimulus
Ex: human babies born with sucking reflex
Instincts
Behaviors triggered by broader range of event
Ex: aging, change of seasons
Classical conditioning
Stimulus predicts another stimulus
Operant conditioning
Behavior leads to certain outcome
Observational learning
Process of watching others and imitating what they do
Before conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus (food)»_space; unconditioned (response (salivation in response to food)
During conditioning
Bell(NS) + food(UCS)»_space; salivation(UCR)
After conditioning
Bell(CS)»_space; salivation(CR)
Stimulus discrimination
Ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
Stimulus discrimination
Ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
Stimulus generalization
Conditioned response to stimuli similar conditioned stimulus
Habituation
Learn not to respond to stimulus that is presented without change
Conditioning approach in operant conditioning
US(food) is paired with NS (such as bell). The NS eventually becomes the conditioned stimulus which brings the conditioned response (salivation)
Conditioning approach in operant conditioning
Target behavior is followed by reinforcement or punishment to either strengthen or weaken it, so that the learner is more likely to exhibit the desired behavior in the future
Law of effect
Principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences
Law of effect
Principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences
Operant behavior
Behavior that operates on environment, producing consequences
Stimulus timing in classical conditioning
The stimulus (either reinforcement or punishment) occurs soon after the response
Reinforcer
Any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of behavior that led to it
Punisher
A stimulus that decreases the probability of a prior response
Primary reinforcer
Innate reinforcing qualities (food,water,shelter,sex)
Secondary reinforcer
No inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with primary reinforcer
Fixed interval
Moderate response rate with significant pauses after reinforcement
Variable interval
Moderate yet steady response rate
Fixed ratio
High response rate with pauses after reinforcement
Variable ratio
High and steady response rate
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Observational learning
Learning by observing others; also called social learning
Vicarious learning
Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action
