Psych Approaches Flashcards
What are the four psychology approaches?
- Biological
- Cognitive
- Learning
- Social
What approach does the following assumption fall under:
-Behavior, cognitions, and emotions can be explained in terms of the working of the brain and the effect of hormones, genetics and evolution.
Biological
What approach does the following assumption fall under?
-Similarities and differences between individuals can be understood in terms of biological factors and their interactions with each other.
Biological
What studies fall under the biological approach?
-Hassett et al (monkey toy preferences)
-Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams)
-Holzel et al (mindfulness and brain scans)
What approach does the following assumption fall under?
-Information is processed like a computer: input, process, output. This is the same for all humans.
Cognitive
What approach does the following assumption fall under?
-People have individual differences in cognitive processes (e.g. attention, memory, thinking, language). These can help explain behavior and emotion.
Cognitive
What studies fall under the cognitive approach?
-Andrade (Doodling- Memory and Attention)
-Baren-Cohen (Eyes Test/Theory of Mind)
-Pozzulo et al (How memory and attention affect recall in eyewitnesses)
What approach does the following assumption fall under?
-We begin life as a blank slate and our experiences and interactions with the environment influence our behavior. This causes noticeable changes.
Learning
What approach does the following assumption fall under?
-We learn through processes of operant and classical conditioning and social learning. This can be understood through the stimulus-response model (how organisms react to external stimuli).
Learning
What studies fall under the learning approach?
-Fagen et al (Elephant learning trunk task for TB testing)
-Saavedra and Silverman (How the button phobia could be reduced through targeted learning interventions)
-Bandura (Aggression)
What approach does the following assumption fall under?
-Behavior, cognitions and emotions are influenced by social contexts, environments, and groups.
Social
What approach does the following assumption fall under?
-Behavior, cognitions and emotions are influenced by the actual, implied or imagined presence of others.
Social
What studies fall under the social approach?
-Milgram (obedience)
-Piliavin et al (subway Samaritans)
-Perry et al (personal space)
Read the following example and identify which approach it falls under:
-Obedience rates in Milgram can be explained by the situation, such as the prestigious university (Yale) and the constant presence of a man in a lab coat.
Social- Studied the willingness of participants to follow harmful instructions of authority figure; obedience was influenced by the actual presence of the man in the lab coat (authority figure)
Read the following example and identify which approach it falls under:
-Piliavin et al explored how factors like number of bystanders, victim’s race, victim type (drunk or ill) and presence of a helpful model (male confederate that stood close to or distant from the model and helped after 70 or 150 seconds) influenced bystander behavior. Bystander behavior is the likelihood and speed of helping behavior.
Social- How the actual presence of other bystanders and/or helpful model influences an individual’s decision to help someone in need. Social variables were studied for their effect on helping behavior.
Read the following example and identify which approach it falls under:
-Perry et al studied role of empathy and oxytocin in influencing level of emotional responses in social situations and interpersonal distance in different situations.
Social
Read the following example and identify which approach it falls under:
-Hassett et al: Males preferred the masculine (wheeled) toys over the feminine (plush) toys. This was due to hormonal differences rather than solely socialization, which occurs after to make noticeable differences between the sexes.
Biological
Read the following example and identify which approach it falls under:
-Holzel et al: Mindfulness activities can increase brain grey matter concentration. Ps experienced an improvement in level of mindfulness as a result of this brain change.
Biological (How does grey matter respond to the psychological intervention of mindfulness exercises? Increase in grey matter is the biological explanation for any mental psychological changes experiences after such exercises.)
Read the following example and identify which approach it falls under:
-Dement and Kleitman: Focuses on the influence of physiological mechanisms like REM sleep and eye movement on dream recall and content.
Biological- Studies biological changes in the brain during different sleep stages (REM and non-REM) and relationship to dreaming, uses EEG to record brain activity and eye movements, and studies relationship between REM sleep as a physiological state and behavioral phenomenons (e.g. dreaming and recall).
Read the following example and identify which approach it falls under:
-Bandura et al studied if children still exhibited aggressive behaviors after model was no longer present and looked at gender differences (e.g. boys were significantly more physically aggressive than girls while girls were slightly more verbally aggressive).
Learning- Investigated if children learned aggressive behavior after witnessing it from an adult model and looked at learning differences between boys and girls.
Read the following example and identify which approach it falls under:
-Saavedra and Silverman- Used a stimulus response model when gradually exposing the boy to buttons during the “exposure based treatment program”. Used operant conditioning when providing positive reinforcement with the mother’s comfort after being exposed. Classical conditioning was seen as a potential contribution to the boy’s phobia as the buttons falling on him created a negative emotional responses, turning the once neutral stimulus to being associated with unpleasant feelings.
Learning- Tried to use classical conditioning to learn why he developed the button phobia and attempted to use operant conditioning through positive reinforcement therapy to mitigate it. Results were measured with a stimulus response model.
Read the following example and identify which approach it falls under:
-Utilized secondary positive reinforcement (SPR) training with a whistle as the secondary reinforcer and chopped bananas as the primary reinforcer to teach elephants the trunk wash task. Used operant conditioning and shaping when rewarding best attempts at a task (e.g. blow) to increase likelihood of elephant repeating ones closer to the goal of the trunk wash.
Learning- Elephants learned through operant conditioning and shaping accompanied by second positive reinforcement techniques.
