Psych Flashcards

Question

What is the purpose of rhodopsin in the eye?

Answer 1

Rhodopsin are found in the _rods_ of the eyes (along the retine) and they are **pigment that responds to light** and begins the process of phototrasnduction

Answer 2

any hormone that stimulates any cellular function in a target cell aside from hormone production

Answer 3

affect is used to describe emotions

Answer 4

Controlled processing: conscious focus on a task (often required of new skills) Automatic processing: unconscious work on a task -- doing things on autopilot

Answer 5

1. mood 2. appeptite 3. sleep 4. intestinal movements

Answer 6

**Bipolar disorder 1** us characterized by the presence of at least one manic episode with or without depression (mania based) **Bipolar disorder 2** is characterized by the presence of major depression plus hypomania (depression based)

Answer 7

A modification of the Donald Broadbent model Instead of information passing through an all or nothing buffer -- * unattended information is attenuated (reduced in intensity) * intense or important information can come to attention * This model explains the cocktail party effect

Answer 8

a subset of longitudinal studies, in which a group of subjects is assembled according to some organizing principle - such as age or location - and followed up over time

Answer 9

problem solving methods and mental shortcuts

Answer 10

Intrinsic motivation is the act of doing something without any obvious external rewards things that increase our sense of independence and autonomy help increase our intrinsic motivation

Answer 11

The Allport's module resource theory attention comes from distinc, specialized modules of the brain

Answer 12

an individual will behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over others due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be. *i.e. A teacher lower their expectations of a student whom they view as lazy. After recognizing this, the student begins to work less hard because he believes he cannot be successful*

Answer 13

A *social construct* that describes how people conceive of and experience the phenomenon of becoming ill, navigating the decision of whether or not to seek care, and the experience of recovery

Answer 14

compounds that bind to a receptor but **do not cause a response** this prevents the receptors from being bound to an agonist and activating a response

Answer 15

a rational, well-organized, impersonal, typically large adminstrative system i.e. governments, hospitals, schools, corportations, and courts

Answer 16

Adrenal medulla

Answer 17

1. **Sensorimotor** _{(0-2 years old)} 1. acquiring language in earnest 2. **Preoperational** _{(2-7 years old)} 1. represent objects symbolically, using words and images, and often take part in very vivid imaginative play based on those representations, but can only engage in very minimal logical thinking 3. **Concrete operational** _{(7-11 years old)} 1. abstract reasoning, but only as applied to concrete objects 4. **Formal Operational** *_{(11-16+ years old)}* 1. ability to fully engage in abstract logic is developed

Answer 18

learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. It is a form of social learning which takes various forms, based on various processes

Answer 19

excitatory neurotransmitter

Answer 20

1. Motor control (i.e. eye movement) 2. sleeping 3. walking 4. temperature regulation

Answer 21

The threshold for conscious perception is defined as the minimum stimulus required to consciously perceive the stimulus The threshold to consciously perceive a stimulus is always greater than the absolute threshold, which is the intensity of a stimulus required to activate sensory receptors 50% of the time

Answer 22

* Morphine: derived from opium poppy * Heroin: synthetic morphine derivative * codeine * hydrocodone * oxycontin * fentanyl

Answer 23

The vestibule senses linear acceleration it contains two sub-structures: the utricle (horizontal plane) and the saccule (verticle plane)

Answer 24

**Linguistic determinism** is a _stronger_ claim than **linguistic relativism;** **linguistic determinism** states that language _completely determines_ the way we think and see the world, rather than saying that language _shapes_ the way we see the world (like in relativism)

Answer 25

a group that we compare ourselves to (even if we are not part of that group) i.e. runners, med students, chefs, etc.

Answer 26

an adult reflex It occurs when the leg automatically jerks upward in response to a tap on the tendon under the kneecap.

Answer 27

Eustress is **stress** that results from a **positive** circumstance, such as getting admitted to med school

Answer 28

Disorders impairing regular ability to fall or stay asleep (i.e. circadian rhythm sleep disturbance)

Answer 29

acute stress response (increase blood glucose, increase heart rate, increased muscle strength, etc.)

Answer 30

ego-syntonnic values or behaviors are those that are in line with a person's goals or self-image

Answer 31

an individual learns a behavior or response to avoid a stressful or unpleasant situation. The behavior is to avoid, or to remove oneself from, the situation

Answer 32

**visualizes brain activity** Works by radio labeling glucose, usually as fludeoxyglucose (FDG), which emits positrons as it decays The areas where more decay occurs are those where more glucose is being metabolized (which corresponds to more intense neural activity)

Answer 33

**Sequential attention:** switching back and forth between tasks (can be pretty quickly) **simultaneous attention:** doing/paying attention to tasks at the same time

Answer 34

the semicircular canals sense rotational acceleration (when the head rotates) the endolymph in the semicircular canals move and the hair cells in the semicircular canals resist that motion

Answer 35

1. sleep 2. respiration 3. swallowing 4. taste 5. bladder control 6. balance 7. relay station of signals to travel between the cerebellum, medulla, and the rest of the brain

Answer 36

Cognitive appraisal of stress consists of two stages: primary and secondary Secondary appraisal is the cognitive process that occurs when one is figuring out how to cope with a stressful event

Answer 37

1. cluster A 1. paranoid and schizotypal 2. cluster B 1. antisocial, narcissistic, histrionic, and boderline 3. cluster C 1. avoidant, dependent, and obsessive complusive (different from obsessive complusive disorder, OCD)

Answer 38

Generalizability, also known as external validity, refers to the extent to which an experiments results are applicable to settings outside of the experiment

Answer 39

occurs when you stroke the palm of an infant’s hand and the infant’s fingers automatically close around the object. This reflex disappears around 5 or 6 months of age

Answer 40

**emotional changes in response to a steady exposure to the same scenario.** **if a certain experience intially provokes an intense reaction, the opposite reaction tends to predominate.** ***human behaviors and emotional responses have two antagonistic components*** exp. addiciton: inital pleasurable --\> negative experiences of withdrawal exp. skydiving: super scare at first --\> having fun once you jump

Answer 41

* depressants * cause dedation, sleepiness, respiratory depression * pain relief/euphoria * binds to opiod receptors on neurons

Answer 42

Internal validity refers to the extent to which a test’s results are “genuine” or accurate

Answer 43

* expensive * time consuming * involved for the patient

Answer 44

An opiate/opioid (pharmacological endorphin) Binds to opioid receptors on neurons (this causes downregulation of endorphin production in the body)

Answer 45

a cognitive interpretation must precede both the physiological response and emotion

Answer 46

having been reduced in force, effect, or value.

Answer 47

it is a spiral shaped structure in the inner ear responsible for hearing

Answer 48

A token economy is a system of contingency management based on the systematic reinforcement of target behavior. The reinforcers are symbols or tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers

Answer 49

hair cells have sterocilia that move in response to sound waves and cause neurotransmitter release

Answer 50

A subjective self-report of feeling a "lack of pleasure" when partaking in normally plasurable activities

Answer 51

**Schizoid**: emotional aloofness and social isolation **Schizotypal**: discomfort in social contexts, mixed with "weird" delusions or beliefs, conspiracies, etc.

Answer 52

low levels of **serotonin**

Answer 53

Direct attention causes people to miss things happening in the background (like the invisible gorilla experiment -- count the number of passes thrown between the basketball players: so busy counting that we completely miss the gorilla walking through the players)

Answer 54

motion parallax describes the fact that objects that are close to us move further across our visual field than objects far from us this is one of the cues that we use to perceive depth

Answer 55

The HPA axis (hypothalamic–pituitary–adrena) involves and promotes multiple **negative feedback systems**, as several downstream hormones can inhibit release of their tropic (upstream) hormones in order to avoid overproduction

Answer 56

1. alcohol 2. barbiturates 3. benzodiazepines 4. opioids

Answer 57

Sensory information, typically visual or auditory, passes through sensory memory, which is short-lived If the information is particularly relevant or otherwise attended to, it can move to short-term memory before being stored in one’s long-term memory sensory memory is **not** a type of short-term memory unless sufficient attention is paid to it

Answer 58

Continuity is a Gestalt principle that suggests that when we see visual information arranged in a continuous row or line, we may perceive it as a line instead of as individual objects

Answer 59

accounts for the way people jointly create understandings of the world based on interactions with each other

Answer 60

1. Quick bursts of eye movement (rapid eye movement) 2. similar brain waves to beta waves/awakeness 3. very little muscle movement (atonia) 4. irregular breathing and heart rate 5. majority of dreaming takes place during this stage 6. REM stages get longer as the night progresses 7. greater total REM sleep stages = more restful 8. REM rebound 1. after missing sleep, you "catch up" on REM sleep the next night

Answer 61

conversion disorders involve sudden sensory or motor impairments (blindness, paralysis, difficulty swallowing) following a period of stress

Answer 62

It transmits vibrations to the basilar membrane

Answer 63

**incorrectly** estimating the probability of an event because of the availability of knowledge of the event, such as being afraid of a flood after hearing of one in a different state what most recently comes to mind

Answer 64

general intelligence underlying capacity that drives performance in many fields can be heritable for up to 50% (genetics, environment etc.)

Answer 65

Problem-solving dream theory includes the hypothesis that we attempt to solve problems while dreaming without being limited by the rules of reality

Answer 66

Crystallized intelligence involves the use of previously-learned knowledge, skills, and experience reflected in a person's general knowledge, vocabulary, and reasoning based on acquired information

Answer 67

the **intended function** of social policies, processes, or actions that are consciously and deliberately designed to be beneficial in their effect on society

Answer 68

1. photoreceptors (rods/cones) 2. horizontal cells 1. integrate input, inhibiting photoreceptors and helping the eye to adjust to high versus low light conditions 3. bipolar cells 4. amacrine cells 5. ganglion cells

Answer 69

Proximity is a Gestalt principle which suggests that objects which are close together are seen by our brain as related

Answer 70

a portal system

Answer 71

A sleep study measuring multiple physiological parameters

Answer 72

a physiological response is interpreted in context to yield an emotional response the physiological response precedes its associated cognitive emotional response

Answer 73

Relaxed, calm, meditation Drowsiness, fatigued (closing our eyes, but not falling asleep)

Answer 74

an observational study in which measurements and analysis are done at one time on a group of people

Answer 75

psychiatric condition associated with chronic alcoholism * anterograde and retrograde amnesia * confabulation (invented memories) * Lack of vitamine B1 (thiamine) _{anterograde: events starting after the syndrome develops} retrograde: events *before* the syndrome develops

Answer 76

It uses strong magnetic fields to **image structures** within the body

Answer 77

* the left side of the retina in each eye sees the right visual field and vice versa * the left visual field is processed in the right hemisphere of the brain and vice versa * (left side of retina goes to left side of brain, right side of retina goes to right side of brain)

Answer 78

a compound that activates a certain receptor, causing a response

Answer 79

advanced functions like reasoning

Answer 80

encoding of information related to addictive/rewarding behavior

Answer 81

a study which assesses how certain variables change over time

Answer 82

any hormone that stimulates an endocrine gland to produce another hormone

Answer 83

1. bodily-kinesthetic 2. visual-spatial 3. interpersonal 4. intrapersonal 5. naturalistic 6. logical-mathematical 7. musical-rhythmic 8. verbal-linguistic intelligence

Answer 84

the basilar membrane is where hair cells are attached

Answer 85

Exhibit at least 5 of the criteria for MDD persisting for at least a 2-week period

Answer 86

**Neuroleptics** Neuroleptics are dopamine antagonists with cognitive side-effects

Answer 87

_Role strain:_ strain brought onby mulitiple responsibilites **from one role** _Role conflict:_ difficulty brought on by trying to balance **multiple, different roles**

Answer 88

alertness (conciousness)

Answer 89

EOGs measure eye movement

Answer 90

Binocular cues are the aspects of an image which change when we see it from our right eye versus when we see it from our left eye. An object might appear closer to you when you shut your left eye, and farther when you shut your right eye. The difference in an object between your two eyes is the “**retinal disparity**”. Your brain processes both individual images and turns them into one, cohesive image, which you finally experience

Answer 91

regulate metabolism ## Footnote *_{secreted by thyroid}*

Answer 92

receiving and processing sensory input

Answer 93

1. fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) 2. membranous meninges 3. strong bones (vertebrae).

Answer 94

1. hypothalamus 2. anterior pituitary 3. posterior pituitary 4. thyroid gland 5. adrenals 6. ovaries/testes

Answer 95

a negative symptom where a person has no outward reaction to an emotional stimulus

Answer 96

Stage 1 and Stage 2 of non-REM sleep

Answer 97

**Used to investigate selective attention** * Subjects are given headphones and asked to focus on one ear (i.e. the right). * different words are simulatenously fed through each side/ear of the headphones. * When asking listeners to recall the words, they tend to only remember the words coming in from the side of the ear they were told to pay attention to

Answer 98

* deep sleep * characterized by delta waves (slow-wave, low frequency, high amplitude) * important for memory processing * brain recovers from daily activites

Answer 99

The nativist theory of language development states that all humans have an innate language acquisition device that allows us to learn language similarly

Answer 100

**image both structure and function** A method that relies on the difference in magnetic properties between oxygenated hemoglobin (arterial blood) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (venous blood) to visualize blood flow.

Answer 101

A grouping of various structures involved in emotion, memory, and motivation (reward or goal seeking behavior) **hippocampus** -- memory and learning **amygdala** -- basic emotions **thalamus** -- sensory input directed to higher brain **hypothalamus** -- connects the CNS with the endocrine system

Answer 102

The interactionist theory of language development states that language is learned through a series of interactions with others For example, a child may learn that calling another child “stupid” will make them feel bad and learn that this is a rude thing to say. So, rather than the cut and dry reward and punishment from behaviorism, interactionists place a lot of **emphasis on human interaction**

Answer 103

Similarity is the principle which suggests that our brain groups objects which look similar together

Answer 104

Adrenal cortex

Answer 105

1. involved in the reward pathways (and addiction) 2. mediates motor function

Answer 106

a tropic hormone released by the *hypothalamus* which acts on the *anterior pituitary* It causes the anterior pituitary to secrete the tropic hormones *LH* and *FSH*, which exert downstream effects on reproduction

Answer 107

the part of the brain responsible for rational decision making as well as motivational and impulse control

Answer 108

A variable that affect the intensity of an observed relationship between two variables

Answer 109

The cognitive dream theory posits that dreams are just stream-of-consciousness scenarios that are **randomly ordered** by the dreamer’s brain dreams reflect cognitive structures that play a role in our everyday lives, such as conceptions of self, others, and the world.

Answer 110

a hormone that stimulates appetite, increases food intake and promotes fat storage it is secreted by the **stomach** and acts on the **hypothalamus**

Answer 111

The prefrontal cortex is likely **under-active** in a person with PTSD

Answer 112

As our brain tries to navigate an influx of stimuli, our brain: 1. enters basic sensory information into a **sensory buffer** 2. From the sensory buffer, the mind selects something to focus on and process 3. all the other information decays in the sensory buffer

Answer 113

a third variable that affects both the independent variable and the dependent variable in a way that can potentially obscure the true relationship between them

Answer 114

maintaining a behavior continuous reinforcement is better for initally acquiring a new behavior

Answer 115

categories that someone does NOT identify as a member of

Answer 116

magnocellular neurons specialize in detecting motion (temporal resolution) not good at picking up details

Answer 117

a hormone that increases levels of satiety (i.e. decrease hunger) secreted by adipose tissue

Answer 118

The behaviorism theory of language development states that language learning is like any other behavior; it is learned through reinforcement and punishment an example: a young child would learn to say “eat” when they are hungry because every time they say it they are rewarded with food

Answer 119

Awake, normal, alert consciousness

Answer 120

a stimulus simultaneously gives rise to a physiological reaction and a separate emotional response

Answer 121

the comprehension of language located in the temporal lobe

Answer 122

acute stress response

Answer 123

**manifest:** surface-level details in dreams (i.e. showing up late to a final exam while only in your underwear and you didn't study) **Latent:** underlying meaning (i.e. underlying anxiety over tests, school, and professional success)

Answer 124

1. sympathetic (fight or flight) 2. parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Answer 125

When stimuli exist out in the world and a person is not detecting them (e.g. light that’s not being detected by our photoreceptors), they are called “distal stimuli”

Answer 126

binds with cannabinoid receptors in the brain

Answer 127

responsible for coordinated movement located in the hindbrain

Answer 128

Rational choice theory posits that each individuals’ actions are based on an objective evaluation of cost versus reward people choose the action that yields the **greatest reward to *themselves* relative to cost**

Answer 129

person or animal acquiring a response that allows it to terminate an undesirable stimulus ## Footnote *If the shocking in a cage continued until the chinchilla pressed a switch or left the cage, this would be a form of escape learning*

Answer 130

Construct validity tells us how well a test measures what it is supposed to test

Answer 131

Feature detection is our ability to respond to specific elements of a stimulus such as color, shape, or motion

Answer 132

1. forebrain 2. midbrain 3. hindbrain

Answer 133

Operant conditioning is the process of changing the frequency of behaviors by providing either reinforcement or punishment immediately after the behavior was performed

Answer 134

instinctual drift is the tendency for an animal to return to a biologically fixed pattern of behavior (instinct), away from a previously learned behavior.

Answer 135

muscle activity

Answer 136

* LSD * ketamine * peyote * psilocybin (mushrooms) * PCP

Answer 137

basic functions like breathing

Answer 138

Dreams that have a resolution of a repressed conflict (allows a person to visualized the satisfaction of a desire)

Answer 139

Researchers test whether research subjects can tell the difference between two stimuli and then link those findings to the actual physical properties of the stimuli being studied

Answer 140

the ability of someone or something to force someone or something else to do something

Answer 141

logic and reasoning are applied to novel situations

Answer 142

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

Answer 143

a sound's intensity is determine by the sound wave's amplitude louder sounds cause higher-amplitude vibrations on the tympanic membrane, and quieter sounds cuase lower-amplitude vibrations

Answer 144

A stimulant Promotes release of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine

Answer 145

Conduction aphasia involves damage to the arcuate fasciculus, which connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s area. People with this condition would have difficulty repeating something they are told, even if they understand what the other person is saying

Answer 146

sleep disorders that involve abnormal behavior during sleep

Answer 147

A theory holding that there is a causal connection between neural activation and dream content

Answer 148

Sound waves cause the hair cells to move around in the endolymph, and that swaying movement of the stereocilia opens up ion channels that let small positively-charged ions flow into the cell. This, in turn, triggers an influx of calcium ions through voltage-gated calcium channels. This Ca2+ influx then causes the release of neurotransmitters at the other end of the cell, beginning the transmission of neural signals. These signals are transmitted through the vestibulocochlear nerve, which is also sometimes referred to as the auditory nerve. Auditory signals are passed through several different structures in the brain, including the medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus. Finally, these signals are processed by the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.

Answer 149

occurs when an object is dragged along the sole of the foot, causing the big toe to curl upward and the other toes to fan outward. This reflex is normally limited to infants When it presents in adults, it usually indicates a neurological disorder

Answer 150

Otoliths are CaCO₃^- containing structures in the utricle and saccule that help stimulate hair cells

Answer 151

pinna funnels incoming sound waves into the external auditory canal

Answer 152

organizations that people join to make money i.e. employees of a company

Answer 153

control autonomic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure located in the hindbrain

Answer 154

Content validity refers to the extent to which a design assesses the full scope of content that researchers intend to measure

Answer 155

**describes the ways in which communication between people helps create and maintain shared meanings** examines communication and other forms of interaction between people, focusing on how these interactions give rise to shared meanings concerning language, behavior, objects, institutions, and other elements of society

Answer 156

a physiological response causes an emotion.

Answer 157

the iris is the pigmented part of the eye that prevents any unwanted light from passing through

Answer 158

1. beneficence (acting in patient's best interest) 2. nonmaleficence (do no harm) 3. respect for patient autonomy 4. justice (equal and fair)

Answer 159

a theory that society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than by consensus and conformity

Answer 160

It is a **hormone** generated in the **pineal gland** induces sleep as part of circadian rhythms

Answer 161

The misinformation effect refers to when new information influences our recall or perception of previous experiences

Answer 162

The sick role reflects a social consensus that it’s **not someone’s fault** that he/she becomes sick. That sickness can make a person **exempt from normal social** responsibilities but they are **expected to behave in certain ways** (follow doctor’s instruction, take steps to get better, etc.)

Answer 163

a stimulant it blocks the reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine (this causes a buildup in the brain)

Answer 164

a ego-dystonic behavior A person with histrionic personality disorder seeks attention, talks dramatically with strong opinions, is easily influenced, has rapidly changing emotions, and thinks relationships are closer than they are.

Answer 165

a tropic hormone released by the hypothalamus and acts on the anterior pituitary. It causes the anterior pituitary to release of growth hormone (GH) which has downstream effects on cell growth and metabolism

Answer 166

negative symptoms are defined by the "absence" of somethings

Answer 167

**the tendency to respond “yes” or “I agree” to questions** To limit this form of bias, researchers should design their questions carefully, which is often accomplished in part by asking multiple questions that are the opposite of each other.

Answer 168

Both deal with the experimental procedures as a whole

Answer 169

A depressant Enhances the actions of GABA receptors (inhibitory receptors)

Answer 170

the government is run by **a small group** of individuals who share some characteristic such as wealth, nobility, or military power

Answer 171

1. supresses pain 2. produces euphoria

Answer 172

1. nucleus accumbens 2. ventral tegmental area 3. olfactory tubule 4. medial forebrain bundle

Answer 173

the posterior pituitary

Answer 174

Criterion validity refers to the extent to which a test correlates with an established “criterion” or existing measure

Answer 175

a means to measure the ability to differentiate between information-bearing patterns and random patterns that distract from the information the combined effects of perceptual processing and sensory detection can cause us to correctly or incorrectly detect stimuli in the environment

Answer 176

The hypothalamus

Answer 177

a factor that **stimulates *cortisol production*** a hormone made by the pituitary gland

Answer 178

characterized by theta waves light sleep slow eye movement

Answer 179

Bottom-up processing occurs when our brains use information gathered from our senses to construct a bigger picture of the world, whereas top-down processing occurs when our brain constructs a model of the world (based on past experiences and future expectations) and later fills it in with sensory information.

Answer 180

Stratification reflects differing access to social and/or economic resources based on socioeconomic status

Answer 181

1. afferent nerves (sensory) 2. efferent nerves (motor) -- the effect **SAME:** *Sensory-Afferent Motor-Efferent*

Answer 182

an organization that people do not choose to be part of but have to anyway i.e. prison, military draft, etc

Answer 183

Galton, in Hereditary Genius (1869), proposed that a system of arranged marriages between men of distinction and women of wealth would eventually produce a gifted race (laid foundations in eugenics -- BAD) Think g factor (general intelligence) which is heritable up to 50%

Answer 184

an organizational approach that focuses on efficiency, calculability, uniformity, and technological control

Answer 185

**motivation** for a given **behavior** or action is determined by two factors: 1. expectancy, ie, how probable it is that a wanted (instrumental) outcome is achieved through the behavior or action 2. value, ie, how much the individual values the desired outcome

Answer 186

a collection of dopaminergic neurons which play a role in goal-directed behavior involved in the limbic system

Answer 187

1. activation of muscle contraction 2. communication signals between the CNS and the autonomic nervous system 3. sends signals from the parasympathetic nervous system to their targets

Answer 188

1. autonomic nervous system (involuntary) 2. somatic nervous system (voluntary) 3. Enteric nervous system (gut activity)

Answer 189

1. base 2. base 3. base 4. apex 5. apex 6. apex

Answer 190

Predictive validity refers to the extent to which a test predicts a later score on some other test

Answer 191

**Operationalization is the process of defining how a particular variable will be measured** An example would be defining caffeine consumption as the number of milligrams of caffeine consumed per day, on average, over a six-month period

Answer 192

the recognized, "official" legitimacy of one entity to order another to do something

Answer 193

prodromal means the period between the appearance of initial symptoms and the full development of a rash or fever the early stages of schizophrenia are characterized by attenuated (mild) symptoms

Answer 194

thinking that events closely related in time share a causal link. Corrleation does not mean causation i.e taking medication and your fever drops shortly after. Not necessarily true that the pills caused it. Could be that the fever just naturally ran its course

Answer 195

the oval window connects the middle ear to the inner ear

Answer 196

The act of re-evaluating one's thoughts in response to a stressful situation is called "Cognitive Reappraisal"

Answer 197

a **belief** reflects what someone thinks is true (i.e. more people are walking to work because they wannt to help the environment) a **value** reflects how someone thinks the world *should* work (i.e. people should walk to work rather than drive cars to help the environment)

Answer 198

it is essential for normal emotional function

Answer 199

The failure to notice changes that take place

Answer 200

The anterior pituitary _{which is stiumlated by GnRH hormone}

Answer 201

the center for speech production in the brain lies in the left hemisphere of the brain

Answer 202

The just noticeable difference (JND), also known as the difference threshold, is the minimum level of stimulation that a person can detect 50 percent of the time Weber’s law predicts that this change will be a proportion of the original stimulus, and that this proportion is constant.

Answer 203

Subjects are asked to repeat words as soon as they hear them repeating words instantly

Answer 204

Concurrent validity measures how well a new test compares to an well-established test

Answer 205

Traits which promote the reproductive success of an organism

Answer 206

1. those specialized in blue light (420 nm) 2. those specialized in red light (560nm) 3. those specialized in green light (530m) Remember: Cone --\> Color, details, conventrated in the fovea Rods --\> low-light, peripheral

Answer 207

the smallest level of stimulus that can be detected, usually defined as at least half the time

Answer 208

it connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s area (frontal lobe -- speech; and temporal lobe -- comprehension)

Answer 209

the stability of a society is grounded in the interdependent coordination of different elements of society

Answer 210

Identifies the functioning of different regions of the brain *(not structure)* It measures brain actvity through electrodes placed on the scalp

Answer 211

Iconic memory refers to our ability to retain a memory of a detailed image for a short period a type pf sensory memory

Answer 212

an observational study that involves comparing individuals with a certain quality of interest – such as a disease - to those without that quality

Answer 213

**_Addiction_** is a compulsive behavior that repeated **engages reward pathway** and promotes behavior despite negative consequences **_Dependence_** is the absense of drugs causing **withdrawal symptoms**

Answer 214

an organization that people join because there is shared ideals or ethical goals i.e. volunteering at a soup kitchen

Answer 215

the expansion of a role that dominates someone's life closely related to what one does with their time/energy

Answer 216

it vibrates at a corresponding frequency to the sound waves that hit it

Answer 217

1. Utilitarian 2. Coercive 3. Normative

Answer 218

via neurons

Answer 219

a perceptual strategy where we consciously look in one place after another, analyzing stimuli in order

Answer 220

anterior pituitary

Answer 221

* x-rays involve a low dose of ionizing radiation * not as good as imaging soft structures like in MRI

Answer 222

a ***tropic hormone*** that acts on the adrenal glands to cause gluco- and mineralocorticoid secretion (stress hormones) secreted by the anterior pituitary

Answer 223

A person with PTSD would have **reduced** ability to control emotional outbursts and regulate motor control

Answer 224

loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage.

Answer 225

a startle reflex that occurs in response to a loud noise or sudden movement. It is only observed in infants

Answer 226

Pranganz is the principle which suggests we default to seeing a simplified image

Answer 227

Involves taking x-ray photographs in 360 degrees and assembling the resulting images with the help of computer programs to **view structures** three-dimensionally as a series of two-dimensional slices

Answer 228

deep within the temporal lobe There are two amygdalae in each hemisphere of the brain

Answer 229

Instrumental motives are drives or strong desires for increased self-esteem, which may come in the form of relationships or rewards

Answer 230

expressive motives are displayed when an individual wants to take charge of his or her identity

Answer 231

an effort to change or influence other people’s perceptions of them Impression management can be explained by two main sets of motives: instrumental and expressive

Answer 232

Proactive interference involves the interference of information from long term memory with new information it requires information, previously stored in long term memory, which can impede the learning of new information

Answer 233

**Anomie refers to a lack of attachment to social norms**, which can result in a breakdown in the connection between individuals and their community

Answer 234

light sensitive rods this results in a clearer image of a dimly lit object with peripheral vision in the dark

Answer 235

Sociology defines an organization as a (relatively) formal group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted action to achieve a common purpose.

Answer 236

I = the response of the individual to the “me". I thinks about what those things mean. aka attitudes of others. The spontaneous, less socialized component of the Self. **the “I” is the spontaneous and autonomous part of the self**

Answer 237

Spatial inequality is the unequal distribution of resources and services across different areas or locations, such as healthcare, welfare, public services, household income and infrastructures

Answer 238

Demographic transition is a mode that changes in a country’s population-population will eventually stop growing when country transitions from high birth/death rates to low birth rate/death rates (fertility/mortality) which stabilizes the population This stabilization often occurs in industrialized/developed countries

Answer 239

World Systems Theory posits that there is a world economic system in which some countries benefit while others are exploited **Core countries** are dominant capitalist countries that exploit peripheral countries for labor and raw materials. **Peripheral countries** are dependent on core countries for capital and have underdeveloped industry. **Semi-peripheral countries** share characteristics of both core and peripheral countries.

Answer 240

right ear --\> **left auditory cortex** (wernicke's area/broca's area in left hemisphere of brain) left ear --\> right auditory cortex

Answer 241

popular culture, schools, family, and religion

Answer 242

State-dependent memory refers to improved recall of specific episodes or information when cues relating to emotional and physical state are the same during encoding and retrieva

Answer 243

Dual-coding refers to the retrieval advantage of verbal items that are imageable. These items are encoded with both a verbal code and a visual code, which benefits their retrievability.

Answer 244

**The misinformation effect is the tendency for information received after an event to interfere with one's memory of the original happenings** Misinformation effects refer to memory errors (usually errors of commission), in which some information introduced and encoded after the target information is retrieved along with some portions of the target information. In such cases, the subject usually has trouble identifying which retrieved information had been originally encoded and which information was introduced subsequently, a situation known as source confusion

Answer 245

The universal emotions include fear, anger, surprise, happiness, disgust, sadness

Answer 246

**Antipsychotics**, also known as neuroleptics, are a class of psychotropic medication primarily used to manage psychosis, principally in schizophrenia but also in a range of other psychotic disorders a drug that depresses nerve functions; a major tranquilizer

Answer 247

Gender, religion, faith, media, and other factors such as race, geography, and age all affect the political socialization of an individual.

Answer 248

**Preconventional:** individual is primarily concerned with the consequences of actions **Conventional:** respect of societal rules and the maintenance of social order. **Postconventional**: abstract ideas of morality and the observance of universal human ethics.

Answer 249

Differential association is when an individual bases their behaviors on association and interaction with others. This is most often studied in the analysis of learned deviance such as learned criminal behavior.

Answer 250

The learning theory of language acquisition suggests that children learn a language much like they learn to tie their shoes or how to count; through repetition and reinforcement. the learning theory of language development states that language is learned via operant conditioning

Answer 251

The resource model of attention proposes that we are capable of dividing our attention (or “multitasking”) as long as our total attentional resources exceed those required by the combined tasks at hand.

Answer 252

**Identity** can be defined as our relationship within categories or groups of people. For example, one person can have a racial or ethnic identity (“I am an African-American”), a gender identity (“I am male”), and a class identity (“I am a member of the middle class”) **self-concept** refers to a person’s entire collection of conscious ideas about himself

Answer 253

REM rebound is the lengthening and increasing frequency and depth of rapid eye movement sleep which occurs after periods of sleep deprivation. When people have been prevented from experiencing REM, they take less time than usual to attain the REM state.

Answer 254

Social capital is "the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively" the benefits provided by social networks

Answer 255

stimulus presented before a reinforcer/punishment, to signal availability and increase probability of responding

Answer 256

"external motivation” means that your motivation to attain your goal comes from a source outside yourself. i.e. peer pressure

Answer 257

Extrinsic motivation is directed by external rewards from the environment. The person is only willing to do the task because it offers some sort of reward, such as receiving money, food, or the avoidance of punishment

Answer 258

Intrinsic motivation is directed by internal rewards or one’s internal desire to do something for its own sake. The activity is inherently rewarding, such as watching your favorite Netflix show, or challenging, such as the career in medicine you are excited about. Intrinsic motivation leads to high productivity and high quality of work because the person is invested in the task itself and not the rewards that come from it.

Answer 259

Incongruence refers to the gap between a person’s actual self and ideal self.

Answer 260

Autonomous motivation is defined as engaging in a behavior because it is perceived to be consistent with intrinsic goals or outcomes and emanates from the self. In other words, the behavior is self-determined.

Answer 261

incorrectly judging a situation, like not considering all the information at disposal The base rate fallacy, also called base rate neglect or base rate bias, is a type of fallacy in which people tend to ignore the base rate in favor of the individuating information. Base rate neglect is a specific form of the more general extension neglect.

Answer 262

observer bias occurs when a researcher's expectations, opinions, or prejudices influence what they perceive or record in a study. It usually affects studies when observers are aware of the research aims or hypotheses. This type of research bias is also called detection bias or ascertainment bias

Answer 263

Functional fixedness refers to people’s tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, which can inhibit solving problems.

Answer 264

The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions

Answer 265

Overconfidence effect refers to the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments.

Answer 266

The fundamental attribution error refers to an individual's tendency to attribute another's actions to their character or personality i.e. he fell because he's clumsy (not because the floor is slippery)

Answer 267

Self Serving: Environment causes **my** failure, Self causes **my** success. Attribution error: Environment causes **their** success, self causes **their** failure

Answer 268

actor-observer bias talks about our tendency to explain someone’s behavior based n the internal factors while explaining our own behaviors on external factors. i.e. if someone trips and falls, we might call them clumsy or careless. On the other hand, if we fell on the exact same spot, we are more likely to blame the ground for being uneven. this is different from fundamental attribution error in that FAE is strictly about attribution of others’ behaviors. One’s own behaviors are irrelevant in this case. but AOB includes ones own behavior

Answer 269

Labeling theory suggests that when individuals are labeled as deviant, they will confirm the label by acting deviant. Initial acts (primary deviance) are usually mild but lead to the "deviant" label and social stigma (disapproval by others). Internalization of the deviant label leads to more serious transgressions (secondary deviance). Large-scale deviance (eg, murder) is precipitated by smaller deviant acts (eg, hurting animals).

Answer 270

It's what happens when someone puts in less effort when they're judged as part of a group. This level of effort is lower compared to when the same person is working alone or judged individually. When working alone, many people tend to put in more effort.

Answer 271

reaction formation is a defense mechanism in which emotions and impulses which are anxiety-producing or perceived to be unacceptable are mastered by exaggeration of the directly opposing tendency

Answer 272

statistical deviance is behavior that does not follow the norms upheld by a majority of people in a given situation. For example, if 90 percent of high school students approve of drinking beer at parties, then the few students who abstain from drinking would be regarded as deviants by their peers.

Answer 273

Maladaptive behavior is behavior that prevents you from making adjustments that are in your own best interest. Avoidance, withdrawal, and passive aggression are examples of maladaptive behaviors maladaptation is a trait that is more harmful than helpful, in contrast with an adaptation, The maladaptiveness criterion takes into account whether the behavior negatively impacts the person’s life or poses a threat to others.

Answer 274

a schema describes a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them. an organizing pattern of thought that categorizes and interprets information -- thus shaping attitudes and perspectives

Answer 275

it relates to a person's feelings or emotions in their shaping on attitudes towards a person or object

Answer 276

The cognitive component of attitude is the way in which people think about and interpret their attitudes. This component includes thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to how individuals think about their attitudes exp. if you know dogs bite and this is dangerous, you would adapt your attitdues towards dogs when you see them because of this knowledge

Answer 277

the way the attitude we have influences on how we act or behave. For example: “I will avoid spiders and scream if I see one”. this involves our actions towards a person or situation

Answer 278

The five broad personality traits described by the theory are 1. extraversion (also often spelled extroversion), 2. agreeableness, 3. openness, 4. conscientiousness, 5. and neuroticism

Answer 279

“Overextension” is the term for applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only a superficial resemblance (for example, “doggie” for a cow).

Answer 280

Categorical perception is a phenomenon of perception of distinct categories when there is a gradual change in a variable along a continuum i.e. looking at a rainbow and distinguishing certain shades as all just blue, even though there are gradual distinction. Or how english speakers view red and pink as difference but russian speakers do not view them differently as they do not have a word for pink

Answer 281

a theory that children will learn word meanings using syntactic cateogries and language structures refers to a child's ability to acquire more knowledge and apply more complex rules after accomplishing the initial task of language acquisition Both a metaphor and a reality, bootstrapping is a learning process which directs a person towards being self-equipped and self-reliant."

Answer 282

a stage in language development, usually occurring during a child's 2nd year, when a marked increase occurs in the rate at which new words are added to the child's productive vocabulary.

Answer 283

Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a behavior. It is utilized to establish a novel behavior.

Answer 284

Systematic desensitization is a classical conditioning technique in which the intensity of an unconditioned stimulus is gradually increased until it no longer elicits the conditioned response. this is a method by which people overcome anxieties and phobias

Answer 285

Elaborative encoding refers to combining new (to-be-remembered) information with existing memory representations, which enhances the probability of retrieving that new information

Answer 286

the information in the retinal image that gives us information about depth and distance but can be inferred from just a single retina (or eye)

Answer 287

Binocular convergence is when both eyes rotate inward at different angles to focus on an object. Binocular convergence creates a three-dimensional image that helps with depth perception and the location of objects.

Answer 288

There are two types of binocular depth cues: convergence and retinal disparity. **Convergence** uses both eyes to focus on the same object. As an object moves close, the eyes come closer together to focus. As the eye look at an object further away, the eyes move further apart to focus. **Retinal disparity** creates an overlapping image. Each eye produces an image; however, the angle of each eye is different, making the images different from each eye.

Answer 289

the notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, and that social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag. exp. the period of adaptation when automobiles became faster and more efficient. It took some time for society to start building infrastructure that would tailor mainly to the new, more efficient, vehicles.

Answer 290

a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the mental, physical and social health of individuals, which incorporates both life span and life stage concepts that determine the health trajectory. it looks at environmental factors, life experiences, and social environment in how they affect health

Answer 291

Social epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology that focuses particularly on the effects of social-structural factors on states of health. Social epidemiology assumes that the distribution of advantages and disadvantages in a society reflects the distribution of health and disease.

Answer 292

Disinhibition is saying or doing something on a whim, without thinking in advance of what could be the unwanted or even dangerous result.

Answer 293

conversion disorder involves neurological symptoms (blindness, paralysis, sensory issues, etc.). a condition in which a person experiences physical and sensory problems, such as paralysis, numbness, blindness, deafness or seizures, with no underlying neurologic pathology. a type of somatic disorder

Answer 294

The proximity effect posits that we experience greater attraction to people who are physically closer to us.

Answer 295

Reciprocal liking refers to our tendency to like people better when they like us.

Answer 296

Habituation sensitization

Answer 297

Sensitization is defined as an increase in the magnitude of a response after repeated exposures to the same stimulus. It is one of the two major types of nonassociative learning.

Answer 298

Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations. habituation involves "growing accustomed to a situation or stimulus," thereby diminishing its effectiveness a type of nonassociative learning

Answer 299

a process in which an organism’s behavior toward a specific stimulus changes over time in the absence of any evident link to (association with) consequences or other stimuli that would induce such change. Nonassociative learning is thus based on frequency. There are two major forms of nonassociative learning: habituation and sensitization.

Answer 300

classical conditioning operant conditioning observational learning

Answer 301

**PRECONVENTIONAL MORALITY (0-9)** **stage 1:** *Obedience and Punishment Orientation.* The child/individual is good in order to avoid being punished. If a person is punished, they must have done wrong. **stage 2:***Individualism and Exchange.* At this stage, children recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by the authorities. Different individuals have different viewpoints. **CONVENTIONAL MORALITY *(****an acceptance of social rules concerning right and wrong)* **stage 3:** *Good Interpersonal Relationships.* The child/individual is good in order to be seen as being a good person by others. Therefore, answers relate to the approval of others. **stage 4:** *Maintaining the Social Order.* The child/individual becomes aware of the wider rules of society, so judgments concern obeying the rules in order to uphold the law and to avoid guilt. **POSTCONVETIONAL MORALITY** *(individuals’ understanding of universal ethical principles.)* **stage 5:** *Social Contract and Individual Rights*. The child/individual becomes aware that while rules/laws might exist for the good of the greatest number, there are times when they will work against the interest of particular individuals. The issues are not always clear-cut. For example, in Heinz’s dilemma, the protection of life is more important than breaking the law against stealing. **stage 6:** *Universal Principles.* People at this stage have developed their own set of moral guidelines which may or may not fit the law. The principles apply to everyone. E.g., human rights, justice, and equality. The person will be prepared to act to defend these principles even if it means going against the rest of society in the process and having to pay the consequences of disapproval and or imprisonment. Kohlberg doubted few people reached this stage.

Answer 302

Activation-synthesis theory holds that there is a causal connection between neural activation and dream content.

Answer 303

The cognitive dream theory posits that dreams are just stream-of-consciousness scenarios that are randomly ordered by the dreamer’s brain.

Answer 304

roblem-solving dream theory includes the hypothesis that we attempt to solve problems while dreaming without being limited by the rules of reality