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Uworld MCAT > Psych > Flashcards

Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Competing expectations within a single role create tension

A

Role strain

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2
Q

Competing expectations for two or more roles create tension

i.e. a student who is employed part-time struggles to find enough time to complete homework and work late hours

A

Role conflict

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3
Q

An individual disengages from a social role, often replaying it with a new social role

A

Role exit

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4
Q

Defense mechanisms are the largely unconscious means by which reality is altered (ie distorted or ignored) to relieve anxiety or stress

A

Psychoanalytic theory

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5
Q

Inability or refusal to recognize unacceptable thoughts or behaviors

A

Denial

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6
Q

Attributing unacceptable thoughts or behaviors to someone else or something else

A

Projection

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7
Q

Making excuses for unacceptable thoughts or behaviors

A

Rationalization

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8
Q

Behaving as if much younger to avoid unacceptable thoughts or behaviors

A

Regression

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9
Q

Blocking unacceptable thoughts or behaviors from consciousness

A

Repression

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10
Q

Taking out unacceptable thoughts or behaviors on a safe target

A

Displacement

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11
Q

Transforming unacceptable thoughts or behaviors into acceptable thoughts/behaviors

A

Sublimation

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12
Q

Behaving in a manner opposite unacceptable thoughts/behaviors

A

Reaction formation

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13
Q

Membership is based on shared goals and/or values

A

Normative organization

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14
Q

Membership is driven by compensation

A

Utilitarian organization

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15
Q

Membership is not freely chosen and/or maintained

A

Coercive organization

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16
Q

Extreme concern regarding one or more physical symptoms (ie pain, fatigue)

A

Somatic symptom disorder

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17
Q

Neurological symptoms that are not explainable by a medical condition

A

Conversion disorder

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18
Q

Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious disease

A

Illness anxiety disorder

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19
Q

Symptoms or illness are intentionally fabricated without obvious external gain

A

Factitious disorder

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20
Q

Variable that is changed or controlled in an experiment

A

Independent variable

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21
Q

Variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment

A

Dependent variable

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22
Q

Guided by information, beliefs, or ideas already stored in our brain

A

Top-down processing

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23
Q

Guided by incoming data, often sensory information

A

Bottom-up processing

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24
Q

The intensity value at which an individual is able to detect the stimulus 50% of the time

A

Absolute threshold

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25
Q

The smallest difference between two stimuli that a person can detect 50% of the time

A

Difference threshold or just noticeable difference

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26
Q

Holds that specific emotions are elicited by stimuli that produce specific physiological reactions, which are transmitted as sensory information to the brain via spinal cord

A

James-Lange Theory

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27
Q

Emotion results from physiological arousal followed by cognitive appraisal

A

Schachter-Singer Theory

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28
Q

Physiological arousal and emotion are independent processes that occur simultaneously

A

Cannon-Bard Theory

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29
Q

Future undesirable stimulus is prevented

A

Avoidance learning

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30
Q

Current undesirable stimulus is removed

A

Escape learning

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31
Q

Desirable stimulus added

A

Positive reinforcement

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32
Q

Undesirable stimulus removed

A

Negative reinforcement

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33
Q

Undesirable stimulus added

A

Positive punishment

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34
Q

Desirable stimulus removed

A

Negative punishment

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35
Q

Occur when a memory is attributed to the wrong source

A

Source monitoring errors

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36
Q

The tendency to perceive an event as being likely after it has occurred, even if it was unlikely

A

Hindsight bias

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37
Q

Refers to the impaired processing that occurs when a stimulus is initially ignored

A

Negative priming

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38
Q

Tendency to blame others’ behaviors in their internal instead of external factors

A

Fundamental attribution error

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39
Q

Attempts to change negative thoughts/beliefs and maladaptive behaviors

A

CBT

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40
Q

Attempts to uncover how unconscious conflicts rooted in childhood shape behaviors

A

Psychoanalytic therapy

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41
Q

Attempts to empower individual to move toward self-actualization

A

Humanistic therapy (person centered)

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42
Q

Values and norms do not oppose the dominant culture, although group is characteristically distinct

A

Subculture

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43
Q

Learned values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by most people in society

A

Dominant culture

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44
Q

Values and norms oppose the dominant culture

A

Counterculture

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45
Q

Formed after believers split from an established church, often in pursuit of a more pure traditional form of faith

A

Sects

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46
Q

Radical groupie of believers organized around a charismatic leader

A

Cult

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47
Q

Established formal organizations that tend to be well integrated into society

A

Churches

48
Q

Society = an organism

Each part of society works to maintain dynamic equilibrium

A

Functionalism

49
Q

Society = struggle for limited resources

Inequality based on social class

A

Conflict

50
Q

Social factors define what is real

Knowledge about world is based on interactions

A

Social constructionism

51
Q

Individual behaviors and interactions attempt to maximize personal gain and minimize personal cost

A

Rational choice/social exchange

52
Q

Examines gender equality in society

A

Feminist

53
Q

Differ by context and culture

A

Subjective meanings

54
Q

Reduced importance of religion as society industrializes

A

Modernization

55
Q

Reduced power of religion as religious involvement declines

A

Secularization

56
Q

Refers to the renewed adherence to strict, traditional religious beliefs and practices by some individuals

A

Fundamentalism

57
Q

Refers to the extent to which a religious doctrine is internalized and incorporated into an individual’s life

A

Religiosity

58
Q

Memory for things that cannot be called consciously, such as skills, tasks, emotions, and reflexes

A

Implicit memory

59
Q

Memory or facts that can be called intentionally or consciously

A

Explicit memory

60
Q

Memory for motor skills

i.e bike riding

A

Procedural memory

61
Q

Memory for associations between stimuli

A

Emotional/reflexive memory

62
Q

Memory of knowledge about facts

A

Semantic memory

63
Q

Occurs when individuals tend to embrace evidence supporting their beliefs, dismiss or ignore evidence refuting them, and interpret evidence as support

A

Confirmation bias

64
Q

Occurs when positive stereotypes about social groups cause improved performance

A

Stereotype boost

65
Q

Dominant social position

A

Master status

66
Q

Attained social position

A

Achieved status

67
Q

Assigned social position

A

Ascribed social status

68
Q

Suggests that laws are created to serve those in power and maintain their privilege

A

Conflict theory

69
Q

Describes when social structures (health care, education) increase efficiency, quantity, standardization, and automation at the expense of individuality, quality, and a skilled workforce.

A

McDonaldization of society

70
Q

Suggests that human populations increase exponentially but the resources needed to sustain those populations (food) increase more slowly, resulting in preventative checks that voluntarily decreased the birth rate and positive checks that involuntarily increase the death rate in society

A

Malthusian theory of population

71
Q

of offspring an organism produces

A

Direct fitness

72
Q

of relatives an organism aids through altruistic behavior

A

Indirect fitness

73
Q

of genes passed on to the next generation

A

Overall fitness

74
Q

Occurs when the message sender is also the receiver

A

Auto communication

75
Q

[ ] can be explained by the theory of [ ]

A

Altruism, inclusive Fitness

76
Q

Occurs when the likelihood of a repeating behavior is influenced by the outcome of that behavior

A

Operant conditioning

77
Q

Occurs when a stimulus that did not previously elicit a meaningful response takes on the properties of a biologically arousing stimulus after being paired

A

Classical conditioning

78
Q

Mental shortcuts that allow for fast problem solving and decision making but sometimes lead to inaccurate conclusions

A

Heuristics

79
Q

How easily something comes to memory

A

Availability heuristic

80
Q

How well something matches a mental prototype

A

Representative heuristic

81
Q

Uncontrolled variables that have an effect on the independent and/or dependent variables

A

Confounding variable

82
Q

An attributional error that occurs when an individual with a positive quality is assumed to have other positive qualities

A

The halo effect

83
Q

Explains the perception of sound pitch (frequency)

States that specific wavelength frequencies generate vibrations at specific loci on the basilar membrane of the cochlea

A

Place theory

84
Q

Economic theory of globalization that views the world as a global economy where some countries benefit at the expense of others

A

World systems theory

85
Q

Wealthy with strong, diversified economies and centralized governments that take resources from poorer countries and lead the global economic market through the export of goods around the world

eg United States, Western Europe

A

Core nation

86
Q

Poor and have weak governments and economies and rely on the export (coffee, oil, labor) of their resources to wealthier countries

A

Periphery nations

87
Q

The process by which tangibles and intangibles spread across the world, primarily as a result of advances in technology and communication

A

Globalization

88
Q

There are no right or wrong cultural practices, most inclusive of cultural differences

A

Cultural relativism

89
Q

Psychometric technique designed to measure unconscious attitudes

A

Implicit association test

90
Q

Dementia that is caused by a thiamin deficiency that often results from chronic alcohol consumption

A

Korsakoff Syndrome

91
Q

Risk factors include a mutation causing greater amyloid plaque accumulation and many lifestyle factors

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

92
Q

The specialization of each brain hemisphere for certain cognitive functions

A

Hemispheric lateralization

93
Q

Specialized for visuospatial, emotional, and artistic/musical processing

A

Right hemisphere

94
Q

Specialized for linguistic and analytical processing

A

Left hemisphere

95
Q

Specialized neurons in the brain that fire both while observing and while performing a behavior

A

Mirror neurons

96
Q

Occurs when previously learning information interferes with the learning of new information

A

Proactive interference

97
Q

Occurs when more recent information interferes with the recall of previously learned information

A

Retroactive learning

98
Q

Graphically convey the uncertainty of statistics (eg mean)

A

Confidence interval

99
Q

If confidence intervals DO NOT overlap, the two means are statistically significantly different

A

However the opposite is not always true

100
Q

Cognitive biases (common errors in thinking) That tend to occur when people attempt to explain a behavior (their own or someone else’s) or attribute it to something

A

Attributional errors

101
Q

Type of attributional error in which an individual attributes success to internal factors but blames failure on external factors

Example: failure on an exam is attributed to the test being unfair, but success in an exam is attributed to ones intelligence

Serves to protect self-esteem

A

Self-serving bias

102
Q

Common cognitive bias that occurs when we tend to favor information confirming beliefs and ignore, disregard, or refute information contradicting those beliefs

A

Confirmation bias

103
Q

I’m scientific research, to operationalize a variable means that a variable….

A

Is not directly measurable (eg fatigue, depression) is defined in such a way that it CAN be measured for the purposes of testing

104
Q

Problem-solving shortcuts that are efficient but not always accurate

A

Heuristics

105
Q

A-ha moment

A

Insight

106
Q

Scientifically studies individuals in their own communities to learn about culture, norms, and values in an area

A

Ethnography

107
Q

Occurs when the presence of others enhances performance

A

Social facilitation

108
Q

Occurs when the presence of others hinders on difficult unfamiliar tasks

A

Social impairment

109
Q

Loss of individual self-awareness when one is part of a large group engaged in an emotionally arousing activity

A

Deindividuation

110
Q

Behavior in social situations

A

Front-stage sels

111
Q

Behavior in private

A

Back-stage self

112
Q

Behavior caused by internal factors

A

Dispositional attribution

113
Q

Behavior caused by external factors

A

Situational attribution

114
Q

Observational studies that assess data from a large section of the population at a given point and can determine the prevalence of a disease

A

Cross-sectional studies

115
Q

Observational studies that assess data over time

A

Longitudinal studies

Uworld MCAT (1 decks)

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