psych Flashcards
define consciousness
our awareness of internal and external enviroments at any given moment in time
consciousness continuum
our level of consciousness can be placed on a continuum which ranges from being highly focused and alert through to having no thoughts, feelings or sensations at all
what is it meant by subjective data with example
data collected through personal observations, interpretations, emotions and judgment
what is it meant by objective data with example
measurements of behaviour collected under control conditions, which allows data to be directly observed or measured
difference between NWC and ASC (lauren could catch A pest)
a
what is NWC
a state of consciousness characterised by a clear and organised alertness to external and internal stimuli
what is ASC
a state of consciousness that is characteristically different from normal waking consciousness in terms of awareness and perception
what is induced ASC
am asc that is intentionally produced (eg. being under the influence of drugs or alcohol)
what is naturally occurring ASC
an asc that is produced spontaneously without any conscious effort or decision making (eg. day dreaming)
what is divided attention
when an individual simultaneously focusses on two or more stimuli, or simultaneously undertakes two or more tasks
what is selective attention
attending to a particular stimulus while ignoring others: it requires a high level of alertness
what is controlled process
actions that require a high level of conscious awareness, attention or mental effort
what is automatic process
actions that require little conscious awareness or mental effort, and do not interfere with performance on other activities
what is electroencephalograph (EEG)
a machine used to detect, amplify and record the brains electrical activity, measured in forms of brainwaves
what is electromyograph (EMG)
a machine used to detect, amplify and record the brains electrical activity, of voluntary muscles
what is electro-oculograph (EOG)
a machine used to detect, amplify and record the electrical activity of voluntary muscles that control eye movement
measure of speed and accuracy on cognitive tasks
most common way to measure is when a person is in an ASC through the use of a psychometric
subjective reporting of consciousness (sleep diarys and video monotoring)
a
effect of stimulants on brain wave patterns
a group of drugs that elevate mood, increase alertness and reduce fatigue by exciting neural activity in the brain, which increases bodily functions; they include caffeine, nicotine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and cocain
effect of depressants on brain wave patterns
a group of drugs that calm neural activity and slow down bodily functions; include alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opioids and cannabis
what is a stimulant w effect on CNS
a group of drugs that elevate mood, increase alertness and reduce fatigue by exiting neural activities in the brain, which increases bodily functions such as caffine.
what is a depressant w effect on CNS
a group of drugs that calm neural activity and slow down bodily functions; include alcohol
effect of sleep deprivation on concentration
concentration generally deteriorates the more sleep deprived we are. with it deteriorates just after one full night of sleep. concentration levels and performance on complex tasks seem to be less affected when sleep deprived.
effect of sleep deprivation on mood
it is clearly evident on a mood, just one night of sleep deprivation a persons mood will change to negative. the effect of increased negative mood as a result of sleep deprivation also affects ones vulnerability to stress, which can lead to feelings of anxiety and depression
effect of consciousness on cognition
a
full night sleep deprivation as compared to effects of legal blood- alcohol concerntration
a BAC over 0.05 causes a decline in concentration because a person may not be able to concerntraite on the multifaceted aspects of driving a car, such as maintaining the speed limit or noticing the changing of traffic lights
what is circadian rhythms w example
regular automatic physiological changes controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus that occur during a 24-hour period cycle to regulate bodily processes
what is ultradian rhythms w example
a biological rhythm that follows a cycle of less than 24 hours; such as eye blinks, heartbeats and sleep patterns
what is paradoxical sleep
occurs during rem sleep where physiologically a lack of muscle tone is experienced and the body is still relaxed, but cortically the brain is active and alert
what is hypnic jerks
a reflex muscle contraction that occurs during stage 1 nrem sleep as the body is relexing
what are sleep spindles
a type of brain activity characterised by a short burst of high frequency brainwaves, experienced during stage 2 nrem sleep
what are K complexes
a short burst of high amplitude brainwaves, experienced in stage 2 nrem sleep
what are slow wave sleep
a sleep state characterised by the emergence of delta waves; sws is experienced during stage 3 and 4 of nrem sleep
when should we see BETA
normal waking consciousness. beta-like waves can be experienced during REM sleep which is an ASC
when should we see ALPHA
deeply relaxed or meditative state
when should we see THETA
early or light sleep
when should we see DELTA
deep sleep
theory of NREM
is thought to be important for restoring and repairing the body; physical growth, tissue repair and recovery from the effects of fatigue
theory of REM
important for brain development; stregenthing of synapic connections and neural pathways. also may assist in the consolidation of new memories
what is a hypnogram
it is a graph that represents the stages of sleep as a function of time. It was developed as an easy way to present the recordings of the brain wave activity from an electroencephalogram (EEG) during a period of sleep.
sleep requirements over life time
infants sleep for approx. 16 hours per day and 50% of their time is spent in REM sleep. children require 10-11. adolescents approx 9 hours, 20%rem. adults 7-8 hours a night. elderly approx 6 hours 20% REM
the role of the SCN in sleep wake cylces
it sets your body clock using day and night. it is a cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus situated above the optic chiasm that receives info about the intensity and duration of the ligh from the retina via optic nerve, which is uses to regulate the bodys circadian rhythms associated with the sleep-wake cycle
effects of disorders and suggestions for reducing someones sleep wake cycle
a
ABCP effects (tbl 8.1 pg.245)
a
what is dysomnia (reference to sleep wake)
a group of sleep disorders characterised by disturbance of normal sleep pattern, including quality, amount and timing of sleep.
what is parasomnia (reference to sleep wake)
a group of sleep disorders characterized by abnormal or unusual behavior or psychological occurrences during sleep
what treats sleep disorders (cognitive behaviour)
type of therapy that uses a range of cognitive and behavioural therapies and learning principles to help people change unhelpful or unhealthy thought process. it changes the way you think and act. they talk you through over coming your sleep problems
what treats sleep disorders (behavioural)
focuses on identifying any negative or maladaptive behaviours they may ahve developed in response to their faulty cognitions, which hinder their ability to sleep.
what treats sleep disorder (bright light therapy)
a treatment for circadian phase disorder that exposes people to intense but safe amounts of artificial light for a specific and regular length of time to help synchronise their sleep-wake cycle with a normal external say-night cycle
stage 1 nrem
as you start to relax you enter it, your heart rate slows, your breathing becomes irregular and your muscles relax. the transition between awake and the first stage is called hypnogogic stage and can last for several minutes
stage 2 nrem
a sleep deepens, body temp drops, and physiological responses such as heart rate and respitory rate continue to slow down. it is a solid type of sleep; however the slepper is still receptive to external stimuli such as loud noises
stage 3 nrem
responses begin to steady. thet waves coninue to appear; however delta waves begin. this is known as the emergence of slow wave sleep. stage 3 is a transition stage and lasts 3-10mins
stage 4 nrem
it is reached after an hour of entering the sleep cycle. brain waves become almost pure delta waves. it can last for approx 20-30mins but decreases in legnth as the night progresses. this is where sleep walking or bed wetting may occur
rem sleep
rem sleep occurs at the end of the first sleep cycle approx 90mins after falling asleep. rapid eye movements are strongly associated with dreams. the brain is so awake in rem sleep.
