PSYCH-540-Complete-Class-Guide Flashcards
PSYCH 540 Complete Class
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PSYCH 540 Week 1 DQ 1
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How are the 2 approaches in psychological research similar and how are they different? Are qualitative and quantitative research approaches in conflict or do they complement each other? If they do complement each other, in what way or ways? Why might you choose one approach (qualitative or quantitative) over the other? Which approach “speaks to you” most?
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PSYCH 540 Week 1 DQ 2
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Assume you are a psychotherapist or counselor in private practice or working in an agency and you want to conduct research into anxiety using your clients as the sample population for your study. What ethical considerations would you need to take into account? Is each of these considerations important or are they there because the government or some IRB says you have to include it? If the consideration is important, why and in what way? If it is not, why not?
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PSYCH 540 Week 1 DQ 3
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Assume you are preparing your Masters Thesis or PhD dissertation and it involves you conducting an original study. You will have to get approval from the university’s IRB first. Given that it is already the 21st Century and you are not going to do anything like Stanley Milgram’s experiments, is IRB approval important or is it merely a time-consuming hassle? Describe the criteria you used in formulating your answer.
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PSYCH 540 Week 1 Individual Fundamentals of Research Methodology Paper
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Prepare a 1,400 to 1,600-word paper in which you examine fundamental concepts of research methodology in the field of psychology. Base your discussion on research into the psychological literature you have done using peer-reviewed journals in our university library or other sources for peer-reviewed psychological literature. Your paper, citations, and reference list need to be formatted properly in APA format. As a part of your examination, be sure to address the following items:
- Discuss the science of psychology: how psychology functions as a science today and how psychological research fits into the field of psychology.
- Explain the scientific method and its relationship to psychological research.
- Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data and each methodology’s role in psychological research.
- Describe the process of scientific theory construction and testing.
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PSYCH 540 Week 2 DQ 1
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Research based on observational methods historically was associated with educational, sociological, and anthropological research in the behavioral sciences. Only recently has it become more accepted within the psychological community (Patton, 2002). Our text (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, & Zechmeister, 2009) categorizes observational research into three types: Participant observation, structured observation, and field experiments. There are other ways of categorizing it. That itself gives us a sense of how varied observational research methodologies can be.
Are you an advocate for this type of research within psychology? Is there any particular type of obervational research you like or dislike? Why or why not?
References:
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
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PSYCH 540 Week 2 DQ 2
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Remember the “Stretching Exercise” on page 110 of our text (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, & Zechmeister, 2009)? Which elements of their study were strong in terms of validity and/or reliability? Which elements were weak in terms of validity and/or reliability? Where could bias have been or become a problem in the design of the study?
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PSYCH 540 Week 2 DQ 3
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Shaughnessy et al. write, “Self-report measures, often in the form of a questionnaire, are among the most frequently used tools in psychology” (2009, p. 173). Why is this so? What are the pluses and minuses of self-report measures in psychological research? If you were designing a study, would you use self-reporting in your study?
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PSYCH 540 Week 2 Learning Team Research Project: Literature Review
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Using the University Library or other scholarly resources, locate the required number of peer-reviewed journal articles reporting on research studies that were conducted in relation to your selected issue. The number of required peer-reviewed journal articles is the number of members in your team. Thus, if you have 5 team members, the team need to review 5 articles; if there are 3 team members, the team needs to review 3 articles. Each review should be a minimum of 600 words.
Thus, there should be 3-5 separate reviews, with each review of an aricle addressing the following items:
(1) Summarize the research question (s) or hypothesis (hypotheses) of the study reported in the article.
(2) Summarize the design of the study: the population sample, the methods, and the procedures used in the study.
(3) Summarize the method of data analysis used in the study.
(4) Summarize the major findings/results of the study.
(5) Identify the limitations of the study.
(6) Evaluate the comprehensiveness of the research.
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PSYCH 540 Week 3 DQ 1
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Martin Seligman founded in the late 1990s a new branch within Counseling Psychology called Positive Psychology. One of the criticisms of this new branch within the psychological community was that while it was strong on theory, there were no interventions associated with it for use in therapy. The article I’m linking for you here was the first to report on research in this area in Positive Psychology.
Positive Psychology has become the most exciting new area of psychology: there are books coming out every month it seems and newspaper and magazine articles about happiness every week. And they’re all based (or claim to be based) on the research being done by Seligman and others. So, I invite you to read the article and comment on it: what do you think of the quality of the research conducted by the authors? Do you agree that their methodology was valid?
What do you think of internet based studies?
Use my link below or go to the library and use my reference list below to access the article. Or here is the address for the article without going to the library; you can cut and paste it to a tab on your browser:
http://w.ebt.org/sites/www.ebt.org/files/empiricaldata.pdf
References:
Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist. 60 (5), 410-421. Retrieved from PsycARTICLES database.
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PSYCH 540 Week 3 DQ 2
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What struck you about the role of data analysis in studies as described in our text? Any comments on the differences and what are the similarities between data analysis in the basic designs (random groups designs and repeated measures designs) versus complex designs? Can you think of imaginary studies you might design to exemplify these differences.
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PSYCH 540 Week 3 DQ 3
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This question is a good one for making sure everyone will have a good understanding of validity in psychological research. What do you see as the relationship between external validity and internal validity? What steps can a researcher take to strengthen the validity of these different types of studies, a random groups design study, a repeated measures design study, and a complex design? What threats to the validity of these studies’ results must be considered by the researcher?
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PSYCH 540 Week 4 DQ 1
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Case Studies and Small-n Experimental Studies
Chapter 10 of our text (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, & Zechmeister, 2009) focuses on a SPECIFIC type of methodology. It uses only one participant (case study) or one subject (small-n single-case experimental study).Whereas the case study is a descriptive design, small-n studies study one subject (usually) but within experimental design methodology.
This means case studies are a description of something (they are qualitative research because they do not attempt to analyze data with numbers). Single case experimental designs, on the other hand, are a regular experimental design BUT using only one subject or a small number of subjects or one group that is treated as one subject.
To illustrate this, how about going to the library in one of the psychological databases (e.g. Proquest, PsycINFO, etc.) or going to Google Scholar and finding an article that reports on either a case study or a small-n experimental design study?
Share with us a brief synopsis of the article and a reference so we can all look it up if it’s of interest, or a link to the article.
What was the value of the study? How did it help the field of psychology and its knowledge base?
I hope some of you at least will choose to do this little project so we can use them as starting points for discussions about these two methodologies.
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PSYCH 540 Week 4 DQ 2
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Quasi Experimental Studies
I hope you will think this discussion starter to be fun. It’s a good way to integrate into your understanding the reading in Chapter 11 on quasi-experimental studies. After all, these types of studies are among the most common in psychological research. You’ll be reading lots of these types of studies as a professional when you want to know the latest on a psychological subject. So, give this a try:
Design an imaginary quasi-experimental study. Give us a brief description of your study, then answer as many of the following questions as you care to:
- What is the hypothesis of your imaginary study?
- What is/are the independent variable(s)?
- What is/are the dependent variable(s)?
- Briefly, how will you test your hypothesis? That is, what are the procedures you will use in your study?
- What led you to your hypothesis; that is, what makes you think that changing the independent variable(s) will cause a change in the dependent variable(s)?
- Now comes the fun question: Why could this study not be conducted with a true-experimental design?
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PSYCH 540 Week 4 Learning Team Applied Research Questions
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Using the University Library, the text, AND other resources (making sure they are all scholarly sources!) and citing these sources in your paper, answer the following questions. Your response to each bullet point group of questions should be at least 400 words in length. Use proper APA format in writing your paper, though an introduction and conclusion are not required.
- What are descriptive statistics and what are inferential statistics? What are the similarities between descriptive and inferential statistics? What are the differences?
- What are the similarities between descriptive single-case designs (which are qualitative studies, like case studies are) and small-N research designs? What are the differences? When should descriptive single-case designs be used and when should small-N research designs be used?
- What are true experiments? How are threats to internal validity controlled by true experiments?
- What are quasi-experimental designs? Why are they important? How are they different from experimental designs?
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