Psych 351 Final Flashcards
Observational Learning
The process by which individuals are influenced by others behaviors
What three crucial sequential stages occur during observational learning?
Exposure, Acquisition, and Acceptance
Exposure
The observation of the models behavior
Acquisition
The learning of the models behavior
Pay attention and remember
Acceptance
refers to the observer accepting the models behavior as a guide for their own
Specific imitation
Observer engages in the same behavior as the model
Specific counterimitation
Observer does exactly the opposite of what the model did
General imitation
Observer behaves similarly(not exactly) like the model
General counterimitation
Observer behaves differently( but not exactly in a direct opposite way from the model)
Two types of modeling
Live Model: Observed in person
Symbolic Model: Observed indirectly
5 functions of modeling
Teaching, Pronpting, Motivating, Reducing Anxiety, Discouraging
Self Modeling
Clients serve as their own models of adaptive functioning
Covert self-modeling
Individual imagines themselves engaging in target behavior
Video-self modeling
videos are made of the individual performing target behavior
Vicarious Extension
When a model demonstartws the anxiety evoking behavior without incurring negative consequences
Coping Model
A model who is initially fearful and incompetent, who gradually becomes more confident and skilled engaging in the anxiety-evoking behavior
Mastery Model
Expert who shows no fear & is competent from the start
Participant modeling
Guided participation:Therapists models anxiety-evoking behavior for client then verbally encourages and physically guides the clients engagement in behavior
Modeling to Prompting to Fading prompts
Perceived self-efficacy
belief individuals have that they can be successful at a task
Self-efficacy
more vigor & persistence in behavior
Skills training
client must have Knowledge Proficiency Discrimination(Know when to engage in the skill) Motivation
Modeling as a key component in skills training
Modeling communucates subleties of performing complex skills
Assertive Behavior
Behavior which reflects your wishes/needs and simultaneously maintains respect for others
Goals of assertiveness training
increase ability to use assertive behavior,
decrease anxiety associated with assertive behavior
educate about assertive vs aggressive behavior
Two major goals of ACT
Acceptance of uncontrolled and unwanted thoughts and feelings
Commitmemt and action in the service of a life congruent with the client
Self Instructional Training
Invironment that uses both cognitive and behavioral interventions in which clients are taught to use self-statement instructionsto cope more effectively in difficult situations
Self-Instructional Training Steps
Cognitive Modeling: Model performings task with overt self-talk
Cognitive Participant Modeling: Client performs while model verbalizes
Overt Self-Instructions: Client performs while verbalizing out loud
Fading of over Self-Instructions: Client performs while whispering
Covert Self-Instructions: Client performs while saying instructions to self
Cognitive Restructure therapy
recognizing maladaptive cognitions and substituting more adaptive cognitions for them
Cognitive behavioral coping skills therapy
Teaches clients adaptive responses-both cognitive and overt behavioral-to deal effectively w/ difficult situations
self talk
what people say to themselves when they are thinking
the first step in cognitive-restructuring therapy is
for the clients to become aware of their self talk,especially before,during, and after their problem behaviors occur
4 basic methods used to assess clients cognitions
interview, self recording, direct self report inventory, think aloud procedures
methods used to assess clients cognitions differ along 5 dimensions
1) timing
2) degree of structure(open ended, forced choice)
3) mode of response (written,oral)
4) nature of the stimulus(written scenario,simulated version)
5) source of evaluation(by client, by the therapist)
think-aloud approach
requires clients to verbalize their thoughts while engaging in a simulated task
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Treatment that employs cognitive restructuring to change the irrational thoughts that cause psychological problems such as anxiety, guilt
According to ellis’s rational emotive theory, what creates psychological problems
the interpretations people make of events in their lives
absolute thinking
viewing an event in an all-or-none, black-or-white fashion
overgeneralization
drawing the conclusion that all instances of a situation will turn out a certain way because it’s happened once or twice before
catastrophizing
seeing minor situations as disastrous
2 themes that Ellis says run through irrational ideas that lead to psychological problems
1) Personal worthlessness
2) Sense of duty
3 major procedures used in REBT
1) Identify thoughts based on irrational beliefs
2) challenge irrational beliefs
3) replacing thoughts based on irrational beliefs w/ thoughts based on rational beliefs
Automatic thoughts
how Beck refers to maladaptive beliefs, emphasizes how clients experience their distorted beliefs
cognitive interventions
based on cognitive restructuring, changes clients cognitions directly
Schema
a broad, pervasive, cognitive theme about oneself,others, or the world
schemas are identified as
self report inventories, interviews, etc
schema activation
once schemas are ID’d, therapist activates them through imagery/role playing
