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PSYC-304 > PSYCH-339 > Flashcards

PSYCH-339 Flashcards

1
Q

What best describes the significance of number representation in human knowledge?
A) Limited to scientific research
B) Important across domains like mathematics, commerce, and science
C) Only relevant in modern societies
D) Not necessary for decision making

A

B) Important across domains like mathematics, commerce, and science

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2
Q

Which theory suggests that some parts of number representation are innate?
A) Empiricist
B) Constructivist
C) Nativist
D) Behaviorist

A

C) Nativist

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3
Q

How do animals demonstrate their ability in number estimation?
A) By using language
B) Through social interactions only
C) By estimating quantities for ecological reasons
D) Animals do not demonstrate number estimation

A

C) By estimating quantities for ecological reasons

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4
Q

Which creatures possess the “Number Sense” for approximating item quantities in a set?
A) Only humans and monkeys
B) Rats, pigeons, monkeys, human infants, and adults
C) Only human infants
D) Only adult humans

A

B) Rats, pigeons, monkeys, human infants, and adults

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5
Q

What is the “Ratio Signature” in numerosity discrimination?
A) The ability to recognize numbers in sequence
B) Discriminability depends on the numerical value of items
C) Discriminability depends on the ratio between quantities
D) The ability to discriminate based on color rather than number

A

C) Discriminability depends on the ratio between quantities

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6
Q

Where does number representation primarily originate from according to empiricists?
A) Innate brain structures
B) Sensory experiences and learned associations
C) Genetic information
D) Cultural teachings

A

B) Sensory experiences and learned associations

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7
Q

Which system is unique to humans among the four systems underlying number representations?
A) The ability to estimate large numbers
B) The use of symbols and language for numbers
C) The ability to understand ratios
D) The ability to perceive numerosity in sets

A

B) The use of symbols and language for numbers

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8
Q

What role does the bilateral parietal lobe play in number processing?
A) It’s more active in exact calculations
B) It governs the ability to write numbers
C) It’s more active in choosing approximate numbers
D) It has no role in number processing

A

C) It’s more active in choosing approximate numbers

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9
Q

How do infants demonstrate core knowledge of numbers?
A) By speaking number words
B) Through sensory representation construction
C) By using tools to count
D) Through genetic memory of numbers

A

B) Through sensory representation construction

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10
Q

What is the critical ratio for infant numerosity discrimination?
A) 1:1
B) 1:2
C) 2:3
D) 1:3

A

B) 1:2

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11
Q

What are first-order relational properties in face processing?
A) The unique arrangement of facial features
B) Basic configuration of facial features
C) Ability to recognize faces in different orientations
D) The emotional expression on faces

A

B) Basic configuration of facial features

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12
Q

The Inversion Effect in face processing demonstrates:
A) Faces are easier to recognize when inverted
B) Inverting faces has no impact on recognition
C) Faces are more difficult to recognize when inverted
D) Only applies to non-human faces

A

C) Faces are more difficult to recognize when inverted

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13
Q

Which best describes the Thatcher Illusion?
A) Recognizing faces better at a distance
B) Facial features appear normal when face is inverted, but grotesque when upright
C) Faces are recognized by the hairline
D) Older faces are easier to recognize than younger ones

A

B) Facial features appear normal when face is inverted, but grotesque when upright

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14
Q

What is a Composite Face Effect?
A) Combining features from different faces enhances recognition
B) Recognition worsens when combining top and bottom halves from different faces
C) People prefer faces composed of many individuals’ features
D) Faces composed of composite features are deemed more attractive

A

B) Recognition worsens when combining top and bottom halves from different faces

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15
Q

Which area of the brain is most active during face processing?
A) Temporal lobe
B) Occipital lobe
C) Fusiform gyrus
D) Frontal lobe

A

C) Fusiform gyrus

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16
Q

Prosopagnosia is a condition that affects:
A) The ability to process colors
B) Face recognition ability
C) Memory for names
D) Spatial orientation

A

B) Face recognition ability

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17
Q

Second-order relational properties refer to:
A) The emotional expression on faces
B) Basic configuration of facial features
C) The unique arrangement of an individual’s facial features
D) The ability to recognize faces in different orientations

A

C) The unique arrangement of an individual’s facial features

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18
Q

Newborns show a preference for:
A) Non-face shapes
B) Top-heavy patterns resembling faces
C) Inverted faces
D) Faces of non-human primates

A

B) Top-heavy patterns resembling faces

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19
Q

Which phenomenon shows we are more likely to recognize faces of our own race?
A) Cross-race effect
B) In-group advantage
C) Own-age bias
D) Familiarity bias

A

A) Cross-race effect

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20
Q

Familiar face recognition is characterized by:
A) Decreased recognition with familiarization
B) Recognition regardless of expression or orientation
C) Difficulty recognizing familiar faces in different expressions
D) Better recognition of unfamiliar faces

A

B) Recognition regardless of expression or orientation

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21
Q

Human social networks are unique because they:
A) Only form for reproductive purposes
B) Consist of immediate family members only
C) Form longstanding, non-reproductive unions
D) Are smaller than those of other species

A

C) Form longstanding, non-reproductive unions

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22
Q

The likelihood that two friends of a person will become friends is known as:
A) Networking
B) Social proof
C) Transitivity
D) Popularity

A

C) Transitivity

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23
Q

What characterizes the structure of human social networks?
A) Random connections without any patterns
B) Solely based on family relations
C) Predictable patterns based on shared interests
D) Exclusive and hard to enter

A

C) Predictable patterns based on shared interests

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24
Q

What contributes to the formation of in-groups and out-groups?
A) Biological factors only
B) Cultural and societal distinctions
C) Age differences
D) Geographic location

A

B) Cultural and societal distinctions

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25
Q

According to social psychology experiments, what is a natural predisposition of teens when forming social groups?
A) Preferring solitude over group activities
B) Randomly choosing group affiliations
C) Organizing people into groups and preferring their own group
D) Forming groups based solely on physical strength

A

C) Organizing people into groups and preferring their own group

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26
Q

What mechanism do children use to learn to identify members of their social groups?
A) Logical reasoning
B) Familiarity and cultural cues
C) Mathematical calculations
D) Telepathic abilities

A

B) Familiarity and cultural cues

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27
Q

What effect does familiarity have on social preferences?
A) Decreases preference for known individuals
B) Increases social conflict
C) Increases preference for familiar people
D) Has no effect on social preferences

A

C) Increases preference for familiar people

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28
Q

Categories marked in culture help to:
A) Dilute cultural identity
B) Identify and prefer members of one’s own groups
C) Promote individualism over collectivism
D) Decrease the efficiency of social networks

A

B) Identify and prefer members of one’s own groups

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29
Q

The “mere exposure” effect demonstrates that:
A) Repeated exposure to stimuli decreases liking
B) Novel stimuli are preferred over familiar ones
C) Repeated exposure to stimuli increases liking
D) Exposure to stimuli has no impact on preference

A

C) Repeated exposure to stimuli increases liking

30
Q

The development of social groups in children is influenced by:
A) Only genetic factors
B) Only peer pressure
C) Familiarity, cultural cues, and an evolutionary “coalition tracker”
D) Random assignment to groups without any real basis

A

C) Familiarity, cultural cues, and an evolutionary “coalition tracker”

31
Q

The purpose of humor includes all except:
A) Entertainment
B) Influence
C) Well-Being
D) Increasing stress

A

D) Increasing stress

32
Q

What is a key challenge in developing a theory of the origin of number representation?
A) Simplifying mathematics for educational purposes
B) Creating universal symbols for numbers
C) Understanding its conceptual and abstract nature
D) Standardizing numerical systems across cultures

A

C) Understanding its conceptual and abstract nature

33
Q

Where does number representation originate according to nativist theories?
A) Sensory experiences
B) Cultural teachings
C) Innate cognitive structures
D) Language development

A

C) Innate cognitive structures

34
Q

What do empiricists believe about number representations?
A) They are entirely learned.
B) They are innate and unchangeable.
C) They do not exist.
D) They are fixed at birth.

A

A) They are entirely learned.

35
Q

Which of the following animals has demonstrated the “Number Sense”?
A) Only humans and monkeys
B) Only rats
C) Rats, pigeons, monkeys, and human infants
D) Only pigeons

A

C) Rats, pigeons, monkeys, and human infants

36
Q

What does the “Ratio Signature” in numerosity discrimination illustrate?
A) The importance of color in number representation
B) The reliance on language for number understanding
C) The difficulty increases as the ratio between quantities decreases
D) The ease of learning numbers in early childhood

A

C) The difficulty increases as the ratio between quantities decreases

36
Q

At what age do children start to understand that number words refer to exact numbers?
A) 12 months
B) 24 months
C) 36 months
D) 48 months

A

B) 24 months

37
Q

How do infants demonstrate knowledge of numbers?
A) Through language
B) By using symbolic mathematics
C) By showing surprise at incorrect arithmetic outcomes
D) Through reading and writing numbers

A

C) By showing surprise at incorrect arithmetic outcomes

38
Q

Which system is unique to humans among the four systems underlying number representations?
A) The ability to approximate numbers
B) The use of positive integers
C) The capacity for abstract thought
D) Basic arithmetic operations

A

B) The use of positive integers

39
Q

How is number estimation demonstrated in animals?
A) Through verbal communication
B) By performing complex calculations
C) By approximating quantities for social and ecological reasons
D) Using tools to count

A

C) By approximating quantities for social and ecological reasons

40
Q

What is a claim about number representations?
A) They are unique to the human species.
B) Only humans use them for commerce.
C) There are four different systems, three of which are shared with animals.
D) They cannot be approximated by animals.

A

C) There are four different systems, three of which are shared with animals.

41
Q

What are first-order relational properties in face processing?
A) Differences in individual facial features
B) Basic configuration of facial features
C) Emotional expressions on faces
D) Changes in facial appearance over time

A

B) Basic configuration of facial features

42
Q

The Bruce and Young (1986) model of face recognition includes which of the following?
A) Cognitive system only
B) Face recognition unit and cognitive system
C) Name generation and directed visual processing
D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

43
Q

What does the Thatcher Illusion reveal about face processing?
A) Faces are recognized using a holistic process.
B) We pay more attention to mouths than eyes.
C) Inversion makes it hard to detect grotesque alterations.
D) Children recognize faces differently from adults.

A

C) Inversion makes it hard to detect grotesque alterations.

43
Q

Which effect demonstrates difficulty in recognizing inverted faces compared to upright faces?
A) Thatcher Illusion
B) Composite Face Effect
C) Inversion Effect
D) Pareidolia

A

C) Inversion Effect

44
Q

What phenomenon suggests humans are innately programmed to recognize faces?
A) Face pareidolia
B) Prosopagnosia
C) The composite face effect
D) Horizontal sensitivity

A

A) Face pareidolia

45
Q

Prosopagnosia is characterized by:
A) Enhanced ability to remember faces
B) Difficulty recognizing familiar faces
C) Ability to recognize faces better when inverted
D) Preferring animal faces over human faces

A

B) Difficulty recognizing familiar faces

46
Q

What does the term “second-order relational properties” refer to?
A) Basic layout of the face
B) Unique arrangement of an individual’s facial features
C) Ability to perceive emotional expressions
D) Recognition of faces in objects

A

B) Unique arrangement of an individual’s facial features

47
Q

In the context of face processing, what is the significance of the composite face effect?
A) It demonstrates that faces are processed holistically.
B) It shows that upside-down faces are easier to recognize.
C) It indicates that faces are recognized feature by feature.
D) It proves that color perception affects face recognition.

A

A) It demonstrates that faces are processed holistically.

48
Q

How does newborns’ preference for face-like patterns demonstrate innate face processing capabilities?
A) By their ability to recognize their mother’s face
B) Through their preference for top-heavy patterns
C) By their laughter when seeing a face
D) Through their ability to follow moving faces

A

B) Through their preference for top-heavy patterns

49
Q

What is a characteristic feature of familiar face recognition?
A) Reliance on first-order relational properties
B) Recognition despite changes in viewpoint or expression
C) Better recognition of faces in the inverted position
D) Dependence on color and lighting conditions

A

B) Recognition despite changes in viewpoint or expression

50
Q

What characterizes human social networks uniquely?
A) Their limited size and scope
B) The formation of long-standing, non-reproductive unions
C) The absence of hierarchical structures
D) Exclusive reliance on verbal communication

A

B) The formation of long-standing, non-reproductive unions

51
Q

How do humans typically form social categories?
A) Randomly
B) Based on physical strength
C) Through shared interests or beliefs
D) Based on age and gender only

A

C) Through shared interests or beliefs

52
Q

What is a common feature of intergroup conflict?
A) It is a recent phenomenon.
B) It is restricted to certain cultures.
C) It is a recurrent feature in societies.
D) It only occurs in large, complex societies.

A

C) It is a recurrent feature in societies.

53
Q

How does the “mere exposure” effect influence social group formation?
A) By promoting diversity
B) Through a preference for novel stimuli
C) By fostering a preference for familiar stimuli
D) By discouraging social interaction

A

C) By fostering a preference for familiar stimuli

54
Q

The formation of ingroups and outgroups is often based on what perception of the outgroup?
A) As highly diverse
B) As homogenous
C) As superior
D) As less intelligent

A

B) As homogenous

55
Q

What influences the development of social groups in children according to classic social psychology experiments?
A) Physical abilities
B) Innate preferences
C) Random assignment to groups
D) Cognitive abilities

A

C) Random assignment to groups

56
Q

What has research shown about infants’ social preferences?
A) They prefer faces of a different race.
B) They have no preferences.
C) They prefer faces similar to those they’ve been exposed to.
D) They prefer animal faces over human faces.

A

C) They prefer faces similar to those they’ve been exposed to.

57
Q

What role does familiarity play in the preference for members of one’s own social group?
A) No role
B) Minor role
C) Major role
D) Only applies to adults

A

C) Major role

58
Q

How do categories marked in culture affect social group formation?
A) They are irrelevant.
B) They enhance cognitive development.
C) They guide the grouping based on shared cultural markers.
D) They only influence group formation in adults.

A

C) They guide the grouping based on shared cultural markers.

59
Q

What hypothesis suggests that people focus on social distinctions marked by their culture?
A) Mere exposure hypothesis
B) Cultural marking hypothesis
C) Social distinction hypothesis
D) Evolutionary-ancient coalition tracker hypothesis

A

B) Cultural marking hypothesis

60
Q

What is a primary purpose of humor?
A) To confuse
B) To entertain
C) To educate strictly
D) To create conflict

A

B) To entertain

61
Q

Humor often serves as a coping mechanism in which situations?
A) Only in positive situations
B) In difficult or awkward situations
C) When learning new information
D) Only in social gatherings

A

B) In difficult or awkward situations

62
Q

Which component is not a part of humor according to the document?
A) Cognitive-Perceptual Process
B) Emotional Response
C) Physical Ability
D) Behavioral Response

A

C) Physical Ability

63
Q

The emotional response to humor is most closely identified with which emotion?
A) Sadness
B) Mirth
C) Anger
D) Fear

A

B) Mirth

64
Q

Which type of state is associated with humor and playfulness?
A) Telic state
B) Paratelic state
C) Melancholic state
D) Euphoric state

A

B) Paratelic state

65
Q

In humor, what does the cognitive-perceptual process involve?
A) Analysis of physical reactions only
B) Perception and appraisal of incongruity
C) Remembering factual information
D) Language comprehension

A

B) Perception and appraisal of incongruity

66
Q

What is a key factor in creating humor, according to studies?
A) Predictability
B) Cognitive synergy
C) Logical reasoning
D) Historical knowledge

A

B) Cognitive synergy

67
Q

What enhances the arousal elements in humor?
A) Boredom
B) Surprise
C) Sadness
D) Continuity

A

B) Surprise

68
Q

How is humor defined in the document?
A) As a purely linguistic construct
B) Through laughter only
C) As broad and multifaceted, involving creativity, reasoning, and emotional response
D) By the use of puns and jokes only

A

C) As broad and multifaceted, involving creativity, reasoning, and emotional response

69
Q

What indicates a universal appreciation for humor across cultures?
A) Specific types of jokes
B) Language-dependent humor
C) Laughter as a common response
D) Identical humor styles

A

C) Laughter as a common response

PSYC-304 (2 decks)

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