psych 333 Flashcards
what is Psychoanalytic approach
The theoretical view of personality, based on the writings of
Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes the unconscious processes of the mind
what is psychodynamic psychology
The theoretical view of the psychological forces that underlie
human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience.
what are characteristics
- Encompasses psychoanalysis
- Examines relationship between conscious and unconscious
- Often considers the conflict of psychological processes/impulses/urges
what are the importance of Freud
- the “talking cure”: therapy works because talking about it works. it can also be talking to a friend, mom and more
- ” Disciples” went on to be
incredibly influential themselves - the unconcious: introduce the complexity with the unconcious
what is the key ideas of psychoanalysis
- Psychic determinism: The assumption that everything
that happens in a person’s mind has a specific cause. No miracles, free will, or even random accidents. All ostensible contradictions can be understood by
digging deep into the unconscious - Libido: Psychic (mental) energy, rooted in the drive
towards creating, nurturing, and the enhancement of
life (including but not limited to sex). for example , you have an aggressive impulsive, this impulsive way to go somewhere. catharsis can be used to get our aggressive impulsiveness into something such as screaming in our pillow
-> Catharsis
what is the topographical model of the mind by Freud
- Conscious: What you are currently aware of
- Preconscious: What we are not currently aware of but could
easily be moved to the conscious - Unconscious: Part of the mind not accessible to the
conscious
what are the primary motivators of the unconscious
Desires, urges, feelings, memories, and ideas tied to anxiety,
conflict, or pain. Freud believes u are largely made with unconsciousness. Freud said the unconscious is kept that way because it can be so disgusting and damaging to the individual
what can be done t help recover material in the unconscious are blocked from entering consciousness
therapy. it can be to bring the unconscious to the conscious so it can be reasonably addressed. this explains why psychoanalytic therapy takes years.
what are the structural model of persoanlity
- Id: The inherited, instinctive, primitive aspects of personality
- Ego: The rational part of the personality that deals pragmatically with reality
- Superego: The embodiment of parental and societal values
can the parts of the structural model of persoanlity
the parts can function independently and this can cause conflict. it can help to explain why you acted a certain way when it made no sense or was in conflict with “who you are”?
what is catharsis
the process of releasing , and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions
what is the id
- you are born with the id
- giving and need is all the matter ( associated with baby)
- instant gratification
- waiting for anything can cause stress to the id
- function only in the unconscious
- associated with the primary process thinking
- the id is driven by the peasure principle
what is the primary process
Formation of an
unconscious image of an object or
event. that would satisfy a need. for example aggressive impulsive will be associated with the lifeless image of your enemies
what is the pleasure principle
All needs should be
satisfied IMMEDIATELY. which is drives ID
what is the ego
- uses the reality principle
- Develops from the id in an attempt to
express its impulses more effectively - it can be understood as the executive
- express feeling from the id which would align with the reality principle
-uses secondary process - control instant gratification mentality and encourages waiting
what is reality principle
The idea that
actions must take into account the
constraints of external reality
for example, you can kill your enemies so you sent pizza to their house to make them pay for it
what is the secondary process
Matching of the
unconscious image of a tension reducing object to a real object
what is the superego
- strive for perfection and morals
- tell the individual what is right and wrong
- use Introjection
- uses two subsystems, which are ego ideal and conscience
- final structure to develop
- when we think we do something wrong, we punish ourselves. These morals and values are ins till by parent
what is Introjection
The absorption of values
of the parents into the superego
what is the ego ideal
Rules for good behavior
and standards of excellence
what is conscience
Rules about what
behaviors the parents disapprove
of and punish
what is ego strength
the ego has to balance everything
so the ego strength comes in place, The ego’s ability to be effective despite
trying to balance the impulses from the pleasure
principle, the reality principle, and the societal
expectations of the superego. it compromise formation, like for example on a first date you can’t have sex, so you dance to tango since it is the closet thing to sex
* Impulses of the id have to be released but it is a matter of
when and how
what is the Freud’s Iceberg
- Freud used an iceberg as a
metaphor for the
typographical model of the
mind and the structural
model of personality
ID: unconscious
Ego has some of all three uses preconseious, unconcious, conscious
super-ego can go from conscius, preconseious, unconsciusus
what is psycho sexual development
- Freud offered one of the earliest
perspectives of personality development. according to him, it is about pleasure - Focuses on how the libido is invested
and directed over early development - Libido focuses on various erogenous
zones, forming each stage which has 3
aspects. which are physical, psychological, adult character type
what is the first stage of the psycho sexual development
the oral stages (birth - 18 months)
what is the oral stages
- Physical focus: Mouth, lips, and tongue
- Relevant mental structure: Id
- Psychological theme: Dependence and passivity
- Adult character types (the oral character):
Dependent or overly independent because their need in stages were met immediately (dependent) or not met at all (independent)
-> Otway & Vignoles (2006): Child that grew up to be narcissists tended to have parents that were
too cold or showered with too much
admiration
what is the second stages of psychosexual development
The Anal Stage (18 months – 3 years)
what is the anal stages
- Physical focus: Anus and organs of elimination
- Relevant mental structure: Ego
- Psychological theme: Obedience and self-control
- Adult character types (the anal character):
Obedient and obsessed with order or antiauthority and chaotic - learn shame in this level
-> Baumrind (1971; 1991): Authoritative (structured and disciplines while being loving and caring)
parenting associated with better outcomes
than authoritarian and permissive styles
what is third stages of psycho sexual development
The Phallic Stage (3 – 5/7 year)
what is denial
“No! That’s not possible!”
what is displacement
Redirect forbidden impulses onto a safer target.
ex: Professor dart boards
it can play the source of aggressive behavior
Reaction formation
Protecting against a forbidden thought or impulse by
instigating the opposite
ex:
“Pornography is the biggest menace to
society there is
Repression
Prevent recall of anything that might remind one of the
source of anxiety
ex: “I forgot”
Projection
Attribute an unwanted impulse or attribute in oneself to
other people “I am surrounded by morons”
Rationalization
Create a seemingly logical reason for doing something
shameful “You have to be cruel to be kind”
Intellectualization
Translate a threatening situation into cold, intellectual terms “After a prolonged period of discomfort,
the patient expired”
Sublimation
Convert base impulse into a noble cause High art, other occupational choices
what does Freud says about what makes us anxious and unhappy
Freud argued that most of what makes us anxious and unhappy is rooted in unconscious
conflicts
* The only way to resolve them is to bring them into the open and only then you can
address them rationally
what is it meant by the flight from health and length of psychoanalytic therapy
Therapies are long duration. Psychoanalysis typically involves in-depth exploration of a person’s unconscious thoughts and childhood experiences, which can take many sessions over months or years.
the flight from health is here individuals unconsciously resist progress in therapy. Although they may consciously want to heal, there is often an unconscious fear of change or self-improvement, leading them to avoid or sabotage their own recovery.
what is transference
The process in which feelings toward other people in the patient’s life are
displaced onto the therapist
this has to be overcome for therapy to be successful
since it can affect therapy because it can transfer the negative emotion onto the therapist
what is countertransference
when therapists have their emotion toward their client rooted in relationship/people in their lives
it can be helpful in building trust
it can also be damaging if it crosses ethical boundaries
what is insight
An emotional re-experiencing of earlier conflicts in one’s life during therapy
the therapy wants the client to come into this place themselves
if it throw toward the client, they might not ready so it might not be helpful
is Psychoanalysis as a Therapy
Might be best for “complex mental disorders”, meaning things that are deeply rooted into past experiences (early childhood experiences)
- May not always work or work for everyone
those with lower ego will have trouble going through this process of therapy
to determine the best therapy for an individual
- knowing the cause of the problem
- how does the approach of therapy match to it
what are the shortcoming of the psychoanalytic perspective
- Excessive complexity: there are too many layers to understand some of his ideas
- Case study methods:
- Vague definitions: Freud was too vague in his ideas
- Untestability:
- Sexism:
why is it important to understand human nature and culture
knowing that everyone is different was Fred’s ideas to his therapy.
Freud wasn’t concerned with scientifically testing it or, later, its therapeutic
technique
* An important tool for understanding human nature and culture
why should study freud
- Historical importance
- He was right about some important things
- Importance in therapeutic process, even amongst strict
non-Freudians - Is the only one to put forth a complete theory of
personality - He seriously wrote about damn near everything :
*help to Pop culture references and various elements of our broader culture( Freud’s ideas to analyze and create art(or creative) work
is anxiety a motivating factor in much of our behavior
Anxiety as a motivating factor in much of our behavior
where does anxiety come from
Anxiety may come from external sources or from within our minds
what is defense mechanism
anxiety may be redirected in many ways to cope. defense mechanism is mechanisms of the ego that serve to
protect an individual from experiencing anxiety produced by the id,
superego, or reality
what is denial of substance
what is Parapraxes
A leakage from the unconscious mind manifesting as a mistake, accident,
omission, or memory lapse
* “Freudian slips”
example: saying your ex-girlfriend name when confessing your love to your wife
how are Freudian slips (AKA Parapraxes) seen
Slips are often seen as a failure to suppress what one privately wishes to say
how is forgetting certain event seen as
This suggests that some instances of forgetting are not accidental but may serve as a defense mechanism. By forgetting, a person might unconsciously avoid painful memories or escape obligations or situations they don’t want to face.
what is the difference between Freudian and neo Freudian ideas
- Sex as less important
- Less emphasis on unconscious mental
process
-> Ego psychology: The modern school of
psychoanalytic thought that believes the
most important aspect of mental
functioning is the way the ego mediates
and formulates compromises among the
impulses of the id and superego - Puts more emphasis on interpersonal
relationships
what is neo-freudian psychology
A general
term for the psychoanalytically
oriented work of many theorists and
researchers who are influenced by
Freud’s theory. May also be referred to as the
psychosocial perspective
what psychologist doesn’t like to considered as a neo- - Freudian
Adler
what is ego psychology
- An emphasis on the ego as a major
distinction between traditional and
neo-Freudian thought
what is the two issues at the heart of the ego
- Ego control: The extent to which
the person inhibits impulses - Ego resiliency: The capacity to
modify your usual level of ego
control and to adapt to a given
situation
what is the two motives of the ego
- Effectance motivation
- competence motivation
what is effectance motivation
The
motive to have an effect or
an impact on your
surroundings
ex: baby pushing the cup to see the effect on their environment, like to inform their parent they are thirsty
what is competence
The motive to be effective in
dealing with the
environment
what are the limitations of neo-Freudian
- Some frameworks (e.g., attachment patterns)
could be understood as manifestations of
some trait - Some ideas can be hard to study or not
testable - Often ignored or oversimplified important
concepts
what are the strengths of neo - Freudian
- Elaborates on concepts Freud ignored or de- emphasized
- Introduced many concepts into the
psychological literature - Points us in directions that other theories
don’t (e.g., attachment theory) - Attachment and related ideas are still
incredibly active areas of research
who is Erik erickson
his central theme is ego identity. the fundamental aspect of self is how you understand self through social intreaction
what is psychosocial crisis/conflict
A turning point in
a development period when some
interpersonal issue is being dealt with and
growth potential and vulnerability are both
high
what is ego identity
The overall sense of self that
emerges from your transactions with social
reality
what is the comparison of Freud’s and Erikson sequence of personality development
age : 0-2 year Freudian stage (oral). Erickson issue(Trust vs mistrust)
3-4 years Freudian stages ( anal). Erickson issues ( autonomy vs shame and doubt)
4-7 years. Freudian stages (phallic) Erickson issues (initiative vs guilt)
3-12 years. Freudian stages (latency) Erickson issues ( industry vs inferiority)
13+ years Freudian stages (genital evolves over adulthood) Erickson issues ( identity vs identity confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, integrity vs despair)
what did Erik Erickson expanded on
Expanded on and refined Freud’s theory of
psychosexual development with his theory of
psychosocial development
- he said development covers the entire lifespan
- focus on mastery vs failure rather than the psychosexual development like the anal stages
- focus on the psychosocial crisis/conflict
what is Erickson’s Model of
Psychosocial Development:
Infancy
Infancy (0-2 years): Trust vs. Mistrust
* Trust gives rise to hope
* Overlaps with Freud’s oral stage
Erickson’s Model of
Psychosocial Development: Early Childhood
Early Childhood (3-4 years): Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
* Toilet training helps develops
autonomy
* Autonomy emerges from effectively
interacting with others
* Overlaps with Freud’s anal stage
* develop eqo quality of Will. ex: the child can choose to go to the toilet
- if the child is not doing thing and the parent can shame them by making them feel inferior internally . while doubt can rise in this stage
Erickson’s Model of
Psychosocial Development:
Preschool
Preschool (4-7 years): Initiative vs. Guilt
* The child must try to make things
- make things happen with intentionality
happen
- guilt arise because you don’t meet the standard making you feel inferior
- comparence tend to happen in this stage, as they will compare themselves with their peers
* Overlaps with Freud’s phallic stage
* Ego quality of purpose
Erickson’s Model of
Psychosocial Development: School Age
School Age (6-11 years): Industry vs.
Inferiority
* The child learns to be productive such as leaning math, writing, reading to benefit the whole
- being productive brings a sense of competence
members of society
* Overlaps with Freud’s latency stage
* Ego quality of competence
Erickson’s Model of Psychosocial
Development:
Adolescence
Adolescence (12-20 years): Identity vs. Role confusion
* Overlaps with Freud’s genital stage
- according to Freud, this stage is where we stop development, who we are in this stage is who we are for the rest of our lives
* Requires integrating earlier self-views in the ways that others
also hold
* Erikson thought our major life task was to obtain a sense of
personal continuity
* Fidelity
- role confusion is the confusion of understanding self in relation to other
- according to Erikson, we try on role
Erickson’s Model of Psychosocial
Development: Young Adulthood
Young adulthood (mid-20s): Intimacy vs. Isolation
* Requires you approach relationships in a caring and open way
* You need a sense of identity in order for intimacy
* ego quality in this stage: Love
Erickson’s Model of
Psychosocial Development:
Adulthood
- Adulthood (30 to 60s): Generativity
vs. Stagnation
-> A shift of focus from a close
relationship with one to
society as a whole
-> Care - generativity will be given back to younger generation. those who are more generativity needs to be happier, have a romantic relationship, and have a relationship with kids , and tend to volunteer
Erickson’s Model of
Psychosocial Development: Old Age
Ego integrity vs. Despair
* Did your life have meaning?
Do you accept your choice?
* Wisdom
what is Erickson’s
Epigenetic
Principle
- There is a readiness for each crisis at birth and always present
-> The core conflict at a given stage may be present at other
stages - Orientation to one crisis is influenced by outcomes of previous
stages - Resolving core crisis at one stage prepares solutions to future
stages - Crises are not resolved once and for all
what is object relations theory
The
psychoanalytic study of
interpersonal relations,
including the unconscious
images and feelings
associated with the
important people (“objects”)
in a person’s life
We can only relate to others
through the objects we have
constructed, which are not
always accurate
what are the major themes
- Every relationship has
elements of satisfaction and
frustration - The mix of love and hate
*Distinction between the parts
of the love object and the
whole person - The psyche is aware of and
disturbed by such
contradictory feelings
who is melanie klein
- she played and worked with kids
- through play understand the child unconcious thought and motives
- Use of play for diagnosis
-> Paranoid and depressive positions - Idealization is a symptom of underlying
hostility being defended against at all costs. like for the child to justify the abuse as the way their parent love them
who is DW Winnicott
- The “niffle” (things a child always carry with them) and transitional objects are
embedded with magical emotional meaning for
comfort - Heavily influenced by Klein
- the niffle is important to the child transition from a time when adults are constantly taking care of theme to be more independent
- help transition between states of fantasy and reality
- Adults have their own “niffles”
- The “false self” is normal and at times necessary
but override the true self too much
in relation to object relations theory in psychotherapy
- Reduce discrepancies
between false and true selves - See important people in one’s
life as they truly are
*Integrate pieces of others into
their whole selves - Work through irrational
defenses
in essence rationality is a way to overcome problems
what is attachment theory
A theoretical perspective that draws on psychoanalytic
thought to describe the development and importance of human attachments to
emotionally significant other people
attachment as emotional bonds
Responsive mothers (and others) create a secure base and safe
haven for the child
what is the 3 defining features for attachment
- Provides secure base for
exploration - Keeps infant nearby and safe
- Provides comfort
who is john bowlby
the first attachment theorist. An infant’s clinging and following serves the function of keeping close to the mother
who is mary ainsworhth
found a away asses infant attachment style using the strange situation association
what is avoidant attachment
The infant stays calm when the mother left
and ignore her when she returned as if expecting
abandonment
what are the patterns of attachment
- secure
- ambivalent
- avoidant
what is secure attachment
Infant has normal distress when the mother
left and is happy when they return
what is Ambivalent/resistant attachement
Clingy and became very upset
when the mother left
* Mother’s return left a mixed approach with
rejection and anger
what is behavior shown to babies with ambivalent attachment
Mothers of ambivalent babies had
inconsistent behaviors with children,
sometimes responsive and sometimes not
sometime reliable
what is behavior shown to babies with secure attachment
- Mothers of secured attachment
responded quickly to infant’s cries,
returned smiles, displayed synchronous
behaviors
reliable
what is behavior shown to babies with avoidant attachment
Mothers of avoidant babies were distant,
emotionally unavailable, and sometimes
flat out rejecting/neglectful
not reliable
is attachment theory stable
yes
Attachment style at 1 consistent 5 years later for 84% of children
can those with insecure attachment can develop a more
secure attachment later in life
yes but it is very difficult
initial attachment can change, as a person with secure may developed mistrust in others
by therapy avoidant/ambivalent can become secure
what is secure attachment in adults
Higher levels of trust with partners, stronger relationships,
happier, and longer lasting
what is ambivalent
Greater obsessive preoccupation, a desire for reciprocation
and union, extreme emotional high/lows, extreme attraction and
jealousy, and more likely to believe in “love at first sight” but also that
love may not last
what is avoidant attachment in adults
Lower levels of imperfections, more cynical view of
relationships, believes love won’t last, least likely to be in a relationship
at a given time, least likely to be interested in partner, and least
comfortable with sex
