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psych 333 Flashcards

1
Q

what is Psychoanalytic approach

A

The theoretical view of personality, based on the writings of
Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes the unconscious processes of the mind

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2
Q

what is psychodynamic psychology

A

The theoretical view of the psychological forces that underlie
human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience.

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3
Q

what are characteristics

A
  • Encompasses psychoanalysis
  • Examines relationship between conscious and unconscious
  • Often considers the conflict of psychological processes/impulses/urges
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4
Q

what are the importance of Freud

A
  • the “talking cure”: therapy works because talking about it works. it can also be talking to a friend, mom and more
  • ” Disciples” went on to be
    incredibly influential themselves
  • the unconcious: introduce the complexity with the unconcious
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5
Q

what is the key ideas of psychoanalysis

A
  • Psychic determinism: The assumption that everything
    that happens in a person’s mind has a specific cause. No miracles, free will, or even random accidents. All ostensible contradictions can be understood by
    digging deep into the unconscious
  • Libido: Psychic (mental) energy, rooted in the drive
    towards creating, nurturing, and the enhancement of
    life (including but not limited to sex). for example , you have an aggressive impulsive, this impulsive way to go somewhere. catharsis can be used to get our aggressive impulsiveness into something such as screaming in our pillow
    -> Catharsis
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6
Q

what is the topographical model of the mind by Freud

A
  • Conscious: What you are currently aware of
  • Preconscious: What we are not currently aware of but could
    easily be moved to the conscious
  • Unconscious: Part of the mind not accessible to the
    conscious
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7
Q

what are the primary motivators of the unconscious

A

Desires, urges, feelings, memories, and ideas tied to anxiety,
conflict, or pain. Freud believes u are largely made with unconsciousness. Freud said the unconscious is kept that way because it can be so disgusting and damaging to the individual

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8
Q

what can be done t help recover material in the unconscious are blocked from entering consciousness

A

therapy. it can be to bring the unconscious to the conscious so it can be reasonably addressed. this explains why psychoanalytic therapy takes years.

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9
Q

what are the structural model of persoanlity

A
  • Id: The inherited, instinctive, primitive aspects of personality
  • Ego: The rational part of the personality that deals pragmatically with reality
  • Superego: The embodiment of parental and societal values
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10
Q

can the parts of the structural model of persoanlity

A

the parts can function independently and this can cause conflict. it can help to explain why you acted a certain way when it made no sense or was in conflict with “who you are”?

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11
Q

what is catharsis

A

the process of releasing , and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions

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12
Q

what is the id

A
  • you are born with the id
  • giving and need is all the matter ( associated with baby)
  • instant gratification
  • waiting for anything can cause stress to the id
  • function only in the unconscious
  • associated with the primary process thinking
  • the id is driven by the peasure principle
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13
Q

what is the primary process

A

Formation of an
unconscious image of an object or
event. that would satisfy a need. for example aggressive impulsive will be associated with the lifeless image of your enemies

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14
Q

what is the pleasure principle

A

All needs should be
satisfied IMMEDIATELY. which is drives ID

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15
Q

what is the ego

A
  • uses the reality principle
  • Develops from the id in an attempt to
    express its impulses more effectively
  • it can be understood as the executive
  • express feeling from the id which would align with the reality principle
    -uses secondary process
  • control instant gratification mentality and encourages waiting
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16
Q

what is reality principle

A

The idea that
actions must take into account the
constraints of external reality
for example, you can kill your enemies so you sent pizza to their house to make them pay for it

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17
Q

what is the secondary process

A

Matching of the
unconscious image of a tension reducing object to a real object

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18
Q

what is the superego

A
  • strive for perfection and morals
  • tell the individual what is right and wrong
  • use Introjection
  • uses two subsystems, which are ego ideal and conscience
  • final structure to develop
  • when we think we do something wrong, we punish ourselves. These morals and values are ins till by parent
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19
Q

what is Introjection

A

The absorption of values
of the parents into the superego

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20
Q

what is the ego ideal

A

Rules for good behavior
and standards of excellence

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21
Q

what is conscience

A

Rules about what
behaviors the parents disapprove
of and punish

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22
Q

what is ego strength

A

the ego has to balance everything
so the ego strength comes in place, The ego’s ability to be effective despite
trying to balance the impulses from the pleasure
principle, the reality principle, and the societal
expectations of the superego. it compromise formation, like for example on a first date you can’t have sex, so you dance to tango since it is the closet thing to sex
* Impulses of the id have to be released but it is a matter of
when and how

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23
Q

what is the Freud’s Iceberg

A
  • Freud used an iceberg as a
    metaphor for the
    typographical model of the
    mind and the structural
    model of personality
    ID: unconscious
    Ego has some of all three uses preconseious, unconcious, conscious
    super-ego can go from conscius, preconseious, unconsciusus
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24
Q

what is psycho sexual development

A
  • Freud offered one of the earliest
    perspectives of personality development. according to him, it is about pleasure
  • Focuses on how the libido is invested
    and directed over early development
  • Libido focuses on various erogenous
    zones, forming each stage which has 3
    aspects. which are physical, psychological, adult character type
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25
Q

what is the first stage of the psycho sexual development

A

the oral stages (birth - 18 months)

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26
Q

what is the oral stages

A
  • Physical focus: Mouth, lips, and tongue
  • Relevant mental structure: Id
  • Psychological theme: Dependence and passivity
  • Adult character types (the oral character):
    Dependent or overly independent because their need in stages were met immediately (dependent) or not met at all (independent)
    -> Otway & Vignoles (2006): Child that grew up to be narcissists tended to have parents that were
    too cold or showered with too much
    admiration
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27
Q

what is the second stages of psychosexual development

A

The Anal Stage (18 months – 3 years)

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28
Q

what is the anal stages

A
  • Physical focus: Anus and organs of elimination
  • Relevant mental structure: Ego
  • Psychological theme: Obedience and self-control
  • Adult character types (the anal character):
    Obedient and obsessed with order or antiauthority and chaotic
  • learn shame in this level
    -> Baumrind (1971; 1991): Authoritative (structured and disciplines while being loving and caring)
    parenting associated with better outcomes
    than authoritarian and permissive styles
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29
Q

what is third stages of psycho sexual development

A

The Phallic Stage (3 – 5/7 year)

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30
Q

what is denial

A

“No! That’s not possible!”

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31
Q

what is displacement

A

Redirect forbidden impulses onto a safer target.
ex: Professor dart boards
it can play the source of aggressive behavior

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32
Q

Reaction formation

A

Protecting against a forbidden thought or impulse by
instigating the opposite

ex:
“Pornography is the biggest menace to
society there is

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32
Q

Repression

A

Prevent recall of anything that might remind one of the
source of anxiety
ex: “I forgot”

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33
Q

Projection

A

Attribute an unwanted impulse or attribute in oneself to
other people “I am surrounded by morons”

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34
Q

Rationalization

A

Create a seemingly logical reason for doing something
shameful “You have to be cruel to be kind”

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34
Q

Intellectualization

A

Translate a threatening situation into cold, intellectual terms “After a prolonged period of discomfort,
the patient expired”

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35
Q

Sublimation

A

Convert base impulse into a noble cause High art, other occupational choices

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36
Q

what does Freud says about what makes us anxious and unhappy

A

Freud argued that most of what makes us anxious and unhappy is rooted in unconscious
conflicts
* The only way to resolve them is to bring them into the open and only then you can
address them rationally

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37
Q

what is it meant by the flight from health and length of psychoanalytic therapy

A

Therapies are long duration. Psychoanalysis typically involves in-depth exploration of a person’s unconscious thoughts and childhood experiences, which can take many sessions over months or years.

the flight from health is here individuals unconsciously resist progress in therapy. Although they may consciously want to heal, there is often an unconscious fear of change or self-improvement, leading them to avoid or sabotage their own recovery.

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38
Q

what is transference

A

The process in which feelings toward other people in the patient’s life are
displaced onto the therapist

this has to be overcome for therapy to be successful
since it can affect therapy because it can transfer the negative emotion onto the therapist

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39
Q

what is countertransference

A

when therapists have their emotion toward their client rooted in relationship/people in their lives
it can be helpful in building trust
it can also be damaging if it crosses ethical boundaries

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40
Q

what is insight

A

An emotional re-experiencing of earlier conflicts in one’s life during therapy
the therapy wants the client to come into this place themselves
if it throw toward the client, they might not ready so it might not be helpful

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41
Q

is Psychoanalysis as a Therapy

A

Might be best for “complex mental disorders”, meaning things that are deeply rooted into past experiences (early childhood experiences)

  • May not always work or work for everyone
    those with lower ego will have trouble going through this process of therapy
42
Q

to determine the best therapy for an individual

A
  1. knowing the cause of the problem
  2. how does the approach of therapy match to it
43
Q

what are the shortcoming of the psychoanalytic perspective

A
  • Excessive complexity: there are too many layers to understand some of his ideas
  • Case study methods:
  • Vague definitions: Freud was too vague in his ideas
  • Untestability:
  • Sexism:
43
Q

why is it important to understand human nature and culture

A

knowing that everyone is different was Fred’s ideas to his therapy.

Freud wasn’t concerned with scientifically testing it or, later, its therapeutic
technique
* An important tool for understanding human nature and culture

44
Q

why should study freud

A
  • Historical importance
  • He was right about some important things
  • Importance in therapeutic process, even amongst strict
    non-Freudians
  • Is the only one to put forth a complete theory of
    personality
  • He seriously wrote about damn near everything :
    *help to Pop culture references and various elements of our broader culture( Freud’s ideas to analyze and create art(or creative) work
45
Q

is anxiety a motivating factor in much of our behavior

A

Anxiety as a motivating factor in much of our behavior

46
Q

where does anxiety come from

A

Anxiety may come from external sources or from within our minds

47
Q

what is defense mechanism

A

anxiety may be redirected in many ways to cope. defense mechanism is mechanisms of the ego that serve to
protect an individual from experiencing anxiety produced by the id,
superego, or reality

48
Q

what is denial of substance

A
48
Q

what is Parapraxes

A

A leakage from the unconscious mind manifesting as a mistake, accident,
omission, or memory lapse
* “Freudian slips”
example: saying your ex-girlfriend name when confessing your love to your wife

48
Q

how are Freudian slips (AKA Parapraxes) seen

A

Slips are often seen as a failure to suppress what one privately wishes to say

49
Q

how is forgetting certain event seen as

A

This suggests that some instances of forgetting are not accidental but may serve as a defense mechanism. By forgetting, a person might unconsciously avoid painful memories or escape obligations or situations they don’t want to face.

50
Q

what is the difference between Freudian and neo Freudian ideas

A
  • Sex as less important
  • Less emphasis on unconscious mental
    process
    -> Ego psychology: The modern school of
    psychoanalytic thought that believes the
    most important aspect of mental
    functioning is the way the ego mediates
    and formulates compromises among the
    impulses of the id and superego
  • Puts more emphasis on interpersonal
    relationships
50
Q

what is neo-freudian psychology

A

A general
term for the psychoanalytically
oriented work of many theorists and
researchers who are influenced by
Freud’s theory. May also be referred to as the
psychosocial perspective

51
Q

what psychologist doesn’t like to considered as a neo- - Freudian

A

Adler

52
Q

what is ego psychology

A
  • An emphasis on the ego as a major
    distinction between traditional and
    neo-Freudian thought
53
Q

what is the two issues at the heart of the ego

A
  1. Ego control: The extent to which
    the person inhibits impulses
  2. Ego resiliency: The capacity to
    modify your usual level of ego
    control and to adapt to a given
    situation
54
Q

what is the two motives of the ego

A
  • Effectance motivation
  • competence motivation
55
Q

what is effectance motivation

A

The
motive to have an effect or
an impact on your
surroundings
ex: baby pushing the cup to see the effect on their environment, like to inform their parent they are thirsty

56
Q

what is competence

A

The motive to be effective in
dealing with the
environment

57
Q

what are the limitations of neo-Freudian

A
  • Some frameworks (e.g., attachment patterns)
    could be understood as manifestations of
    some trait
  • Some ideas can be hard to study or not
    testable
  • Often ignored or oversimplified important
    concepts
58
Q

what are the strengths of neo - Freudian

A
  • Elaborates on concepts Freud ignored or de- emphasized
  • Introduced many concepts into the
    psychological literature
  • Points us in directions that other theories
    don’t (e.g., attachment theory)
  • Attachment and related ideas are still
    incredibly active areas of research
59
Q

who is Erik erickson

A

his central theme is ego identity. the fundamental aspect of self is how you understand self through social intreaction

60
Q

what is psychosocial crisis/conflict

A

A turning point in
a development period when some
interpersonal issue is being dealt with and
growth potential and vulnerability are both
high

60
Q

what is ego identity

A

The overall sense of self that
emerges from your transactions with social
reality

60
Q

what is the comparison of Freud’s and Erikson sequence of personality development

A

age : 0-2 year Freudian stage (oral). Erickson issue(Trust vs mistrust)
3-4 years Freudian stages ( anal). Erickson issues ( autonomy vs shame and doubt)
4-7 years. Freudian stages (phallic) Erickson issues (initiative vs guilt)
3-12 years. Freudian stages (latency) Erickson issues ( industry vs inferiority)
13+ years Freudian stages (genital evolves over adulthood) Erickson issues ( identity vs identity confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, integrity vs despair)

61
Q

what did Erik Erickson expanded on

A

Expanded on and refined Freud’s theory of
psychosexual development with his theory of
psychosocial development

  • he said development covers the entire lifespan
  • focus on mastery vs failure rather than the psychosexual development like the anal stages
  • focus on the psychosocial crisis/conflict
62
Q

what is Erickson’s Model of
Psychosocial Development:
Infancy

A

Infancy (0-2 years): Trust vs. Mistrust
* Trust gives rise to hope
* Overlaps with Freud’s oral stage

63
Q

Erickson’s Model of
Psychosocial Development: Early Childhood

A

Early Childhood (3-4 years): Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
* Toilet training helps develops
autonomy
* Autonomy emerges from effectively
interacting with others
* Overlaps with Freud’s anal stage
* develop eqo quality of Will. ex: the child can choose to go to the toilet
- if the child is not doing thing and the parent can shame them by making them feel inferior internally . while doubt can rise in this stage

63
Q

Erickson’s Model of
Psychosocial Development:
Preschool

A

Preschool (4-7 years): Initiative vs. Guilt
* The child must try to make things
- make things happen with intentionality
happen
- guilt arise because you don’t meet the standard making you feel inferior
- comparence tend to happen in this stage, as they will compare themselves with their peers
* Overlaps with Freud’s phallic stage
* Ego quality of purpose

64
Q

Erickson’s Model of
Psychosocial Development: School Age

A

School Age (6-11 years): Industry vs.
Inferiority
* The child learns to be productive such as leaning math, writing, reading to benefit the whole
- being productive brings a sense of competence
members of society
* Overlaps with Freud’s latency stage
* Ego quality of competence

65
Q

Erickson’s Model of Psychosocial
Development:
Adolescence

A

Adolescence (12-20 years): Identity vs. Role confusion
* Overlaps with Freud’s genital stage
- according to Freud, this stage is where we stop development, who we are in this stage is who we are for the rest of our lives
* Requires integrating earlier self-views in the ways that others
also hold
* Erikson thought our major life task was to obtain a sense of
personal continuity
* Fidelity
- role confusion is the confusion of understanding self in relation to other
- according to Erikson, we try on role

66
Q

Erickson’s Model of Psychosocial
Development: Young Adulthood

A

Young adulthood (mid-20s): Intimacy vs. Isolation
* Requires you approach relationships in a caring and open way
* You need a sense of identity in order for intimacy
* ego quality in this stage: Love

66
Q

Erickson’s Model of
Psychosocial Development:
Adulthood

A
  • Adulthood (30 to 60s): Generativity
    vs. Stagnation
    -> A shift of focus from a close
    relationship with one to
    society as a whole
    -> Care
  • generativity will be given back to younger generation. those who are more generativity needs to be happier, have a romantic relationship, and have a relationship with kids , and tend to volunteer
67
Q

Erickson’s Model of
Psychosocial Development: Old Age

A

Ego integrity vs. Despair
* Did your life have meaning?
Do you accept your choice?
* Wisdom

67
Q

what is Erickson’s
Epigenetic
Principle

A
  • There is a readiness for each crisis at birth and always present
    -> The core conflict at a given stage may be present at other
    stages
  • Orientation to one crisis is influenced by outcomes of previous
    stages
  • Resolving core crisis at one stage prepares solutions to future
    stages
  • Crises are not resolved once and for all
68
Q

what is object relations theory

A

The
psychoanalytic study of
interpersonal relations,
including the unconscious
images and feelings
associated with the
important people (“objects”)
in a person’s life

We can only relate to others
through the objects we have
constructed, which are not
always accurate

69
Q

what are the major themes

A
  • Every relationship has
    elements of satisfaction and
    frustration
  • The mix of love and hate
    *Distinction between the parts
    of the love object and the
    whole person
  • The psyche is aware of and
    disturbed by such
    contradictory feelings
70
Q

who is melanie klein

A
  • she played and worked with kids
  • through play understand the child unconcious thought and motives
  • Use of play for diagnosis
    -> Paranoid and depressive positions
  • Idealization is a symptom of underlying
    hostility being defended against at all costs. like for the child to justify the abuse as the way their parent love them
71
Q

who is DW Winnicott

A
  • The “niffle” (things a child always carry with them) and transitional objects are
    embedded with magical emotional meaning for
    comfort
  • Heavily influenced by Klein
  • the niffle is important to the child transition from a time when adults are constantly taking care of theme to be more independent
  • help transition between states of fantasy and reality
  • Adults have their own “niffles”
  • The “false self” is normal and at times necessary
    but override the true self too much
71
Q
A
72
Q

in relation to object relations theory in psychotherapy

A
  • Reduce discrepancies
    between false and true selves
  • See important people in one’s
    life as they truly are
    *Integrate pieces of others into
    their whole selves
  • Work through irrational
    defenses

in essence rationality is a way to overcome problems

73
Q

what is attachment theory

A

A theoretical perspective that draws on psychoanalytic
thought to describe the development and importance of human attachments to
emotionally significant other people

attachment as emotional bonds

Responsive mothers (and others) create a secure base and safe
haven for the child

74
Q

what is the 3 defining features for attachment

A
  • Provides secure base for
    exploration
  • Keeps infant nearby and safe
  • Provides comfort
74
Q

who is john bowlby

A

the first attachment theorist. An infant’s clinging and following serves the function of keeping close to the mother

75
Q
A
76
Q
A
77
Q

who is mary ainsworhth

A

found a away asses infant attachment style using the strange situation association

77
Q

what is avoidant attachment

A

The infant stays calm when the mother left
and ignore her when she returned as if expecting
abandonment

78
Q

what are the patterns of attachment

A
  • secure
  • ambivalent
  • avoidant
78
Q

what is secure attachment

A

Infant has normal distress when the mother
left and is happy when they return

79
Q

what is Ambivalent/resistant attachement

A

Clingy and became very upset
when the mother left
* Mother’s return left a mixed approach with
rejection and anger

80
Q

what is behavior shown to babies with ambivalent attachment

A

Mothers of ambivalent babies had
inconsistent behaviors with children,
sometimes responsive and sometimes not
sometime reliable

80
Q

what is behavior shown to babies with secure attachment

A
  • Mothers of secured attachment
    responded quickly to infant’s cries,
    returned smiles, displayed synchronous
    behaviors
    reliable
81
Q

what is behavior shown to babies with avoidant attachment

A

Mothers of avoidant babies were distant,
emotionally unavailable, and sometimes
flat out rejecting/neglectful
not reliable

82
Q

is attachment theory stable

A

yes
Attachment style at 1 consistent 5 years later for 84% of children

83
Q

can those with insecure attachment can develop a more
secure attachment later in life

A

yes but it is very difficult
initial attachment can change, as a person with secure may developed mistrust in others
by therapy avoidant/ambivalent can become secure

84
Q

what is secure attachment in adults

A

Higher levels of trust with partners, stronger relationships,
happier, and longer lasting

85
Q

what is ambivalent

A

Greater obsessive preoccupation, a desire for reciprocation
and union, extreme emotional high/lows, extreme attraction and
jealousy, and more likely to believe in “love at first sight” but also that
love may not last

86
Q
A
86
Q

what is avoidant attachment in adults

A

Lower levels of imperfections, more cynical view of
relationships, believes love won’t last, least likely to be in a relationship
at a given time, least likely to be interested in partner, and least
comfortable with sex

87
Q
A
87
Q
A
88
Q
A

Year 3 (5 decks)

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