psych 290 Flashcards
1
Q
Identity
Diffusion
A
A state where a person doesn’t have a strong sense of who they are, and theyre not actively working on it
2
Q
Identity
Achievement
A
An individual finding their true self.
Understanding when and what you are, and completely and accurately knowing your strengths and weaknesses
3
Q
Identity
Moratorium
A
A state of active exploration in an attempt to establish an identity but have yet to have make any commitment
4
Q
Identity
Foreclosure
A
an individual closes off their identity, exploration by prematurely, committing to a particular lifestyle or worldview without exploring other potential paths
5
Q
Fetal Stage
A
During the fetal doge organs continue to grow and gradually and begin to function
the fetus reaches the threshold of viability around 25-35 weeks
6
Q
Embryonic
Stage
A
Stage 2
During the embryonic Stage, most vital organs and bodily systems begin to form, making it a period of great vulnerability
7
Q
Germinal
Stage
A
Stage 1
during the terminal stage as I go,
becomes a massive cells that implants in the uterine wall and the placenta begins to form
8
Q
Dishabituation
A
A persons response to a stimulus increases again after a new stimulus is introduced
EXAMPLE
A child learns to sleep with the light on, but then starts responding to a light again when a new stimulus is introduced, like a change in the room.
9
Q
Crystallized Intelligence
vs
Fluid Intelligence
A
Crystallized intelligence is your stored Knowledge, accumulated over the years
Fluid Intelligence is your ability to process new information, learn, and solve problems.
10
Q
Cross - Sectional
Design
A
research method that compares individuals of different ages at a single point in time
11
Q
Conservation
A
Logical thinking skill, that allows a person to understand that the amount of something doesn’t change even if it’s shape or container changes
12
Q
Centration
A
refers to only being able to focus focus attention on one aspect of an object or situation
Usually whichever trait is most noticeable will attract the child’s focus and influence judgement
13
Q
Cohort effects
A
The fact of having been born in a certain time region, period, or having experienced the same life experience (in the same period) has on the development or perceptions of particular group
14
Q
The id
A
Freud
The unconscious part of the mind that drives basic needs and impulses
• the ID is driven by instinct and the pleasure principle, which is the urge to have needs met immediately
• houses raw biological (eat, sleep, defecate, sex, ect…)
(devil) you angel
15
Q
The ego
A
Freud
The conscious part of the mind that makes decisions and balances the demands of the id, superego, and reality.
• the ego is guided by the reality principal, which means it seeks to satisfy the id’s needs in a way that’s realistic and socially acceptable
devil (you) angel
16
Q
The Superego
A
Freud
The moral component of personality that incorporate social standards about what represents right and wrong
• internalized, moral standards and ideals we acquire from our parents
(angel) you devil
17
Q
Age of viability
A
The point of which a premature baby can survive outside the uterus
18
Q
Assimilation
vs
Accommodation
A
assimilation is the process of adding new info to existing knowledge
-A child calling cats “dogs “assuming that all four-legged free animals or dogs
Accommodation is the process of changing existing knowledge to fit new information
-the child learns that the cat is a different type of animal and creates a new schema for “cat “just distinguishing it from dogs
19
Q
Secure attachment
A
characterized by feeling comfortable with closeness and intimacy, readily trusting others, and having a good sense of self-worth, leading to healthy and fulfilling relationships
Securely attached children, see comfort when frightened and prefer parents over strangers
20
Q
Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
A
This attachment style is a mix of anxious and avoidant tendencies, where individuals crave connection but also fear abandonment and intimacy
anxiously attached children are wary of strangers, exhibit great distressed, when a parent leaves, but are not comforted by the parents return
21
Q
Anxious-Resistant Attachment
A
characterized by a strong desire for intimacy and closeness, coupled with a fear of abandonment and rejection, leading to clingy and needy behaviors
Accordantly attached children show little preference for parents over strangers and seek little comfort from their caregivers
22
Q
Sensorimotor stage
A
stage one of cognitive development (0-2)
Infant learns about the world through their senses and motor skills developing object permanence
23
Q
preoperational stage
A
stage 2 of cognitive development (2-7)
Children begin using symbols and language to represent objects and ideas, engaging in pretend play, but still struggle with logical reasoning and perspective taking
24
Q
Concrete operational stage
A
stage 3 of cognitive development (7-11)
Children develop logical thinking skills for concrete situations, understanding concepts like conservation (the amount of liquid still is the same, even if the container changes)
25
formal operational stage
stage 4 cognitive development (11-up)
Adolescence can think, abstractly, reason, hypothetically, and consider multiple possibilities
26
Stages of Development
Eric Erickson
#l Trust vs Mistrust (0-18 months)
#2 Autonomy us Shame and doubt (18m-3yrs)
#3 Initiative vs Guilt (3-5 years)
#4 Industry us Inferiority (6-11 years)
#5 Identity vs Confusion (12-18 years)
#6Intimacy us Isolation (18-40 years)
#7 Generativity vs Stagnation (40 - 65)
# 8 Integrity us Despair (65 - death)
Erikson's theory poists that each stage of life is associated withe a specific struggle
27
Identification
(defence mechanism)
Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group
EXAMPLE
Insecure young man joins fraternity to boost his self-esteem
28
Hierarchy of Needs
A systematic arrangements of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused
29
Regression
A reversion to immature patterns of behaviour
EXAMPLE
An adult has a temper tantrum when they don’t get their was
30
Sublimation
Occurs when unconscious unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable behaviours
EXAMPLE
Someone who has angry and violent urges might join a wrestling team
31
Reaction Formation
Behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of ones feelings
EXAMPLE
Acting overly kind to someone they dislike in order to hide their true feelings
32
Repression
Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings burried in the unconcious
33
Projection
Attributing one owns thoughts, Feelings, or motives to another
EXAMPLE
A man who feels insecure about his masculinity mocks other men for acting like women.
34
Displacement
Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target
35
Reality Principle
States that your ego is always trying to balance What your impulsive id wants with what is realistic and acceptable
36
Personal Unconscious
The layer of the unconscious mind that contains repressed memories, forgotten experiences and other content thats not currently conscious
37
collective unconscious
The part of the human psyche that contains info shared by all people,
Inherited from ancestors
38
Archetype
Universal patterns of thought and behaviour that are inherited and expressed in human experiences
something that is considered to be a perfect example of something cause it has all the most important characteristics
39
Reciprocal Determinism
The idea that internal mental events, external environmental events and overt behaviour all influence one another
40
Self-efficacy
Refers to one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviours should lead to expected outcomes
41
Self-Actualizing Persons
People with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth
42
Projection Tests
Asks participants to respond to vuague, ambitious simuli in ways that may ravea the subects needs, feelings, and personality traits
Ambitious materials can serve as a blank screen onto which people project their characteristic concerns, conflicts and desires
43
Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT)
A series of simple scenes is presented to individuals who are asked to tell stories about what is happening in the scenes and what the characters are feeling.
44
Oedipus Complex
Boys becoming unconsciously sexually attracted to his mother and hostile towards his father (who he views as rival)
45
Electra Complex
Girls becoming unconsciously sexually attracted to her father and hostile towards her mother
46
Humanistic Perspective
Humanism- A theoretical orientation that
emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and potential for growth
They assume that…People can rise above their own primitive animal heritage and control their biological urgesPeople are largely conscious and rational beings who are not dominated by unconscious , irrational needs and conflict
47
Incongruence
The gap between self-concept and reality
48
Learned Helplessness
Passive behaviour produced by exposure to unavoidable averse events
Seems to occur when individuals come to believe that events are beyond their control
49
Approach-Approach Conflict
A choice must be made between two attractive goals
50
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
A choice must be made between two unattractive goals
51
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
A choice must be made wether to pursue a goal that has both attractve and unnatractive aspects.
52
General Adaption Syndrome
* A Model of the bod's stress response. consisting of 3 stages:
Alarm Reaction
the sudden release of hormones, aka " fight or flight”
Resistance
your bod tries to repair itself after the initial shock of stress
Exhaustion
Prolonged or chronic stress leads to the last stage.
Enduring stressors without relief drains your physical, emotional, and mental resources to the point where your body is no longer able to cope
53
Primary Appraisal
vs
Secondary Appraisal
Feeling stressed depends on what events one nurses and how one chooses to appraise or interpret them. They are stressful for one person, maybe routine for someone else.
Primary Appraisal
an initial evaluation of whether an event is:Irrelevant to youRelevant but not threatenStressful
When you view an event is stressful, you were likely to make a second appraisal
Secondary Appraisal
an evaluation of your coping resources and options for dealing with the stress
54
Bulimia Nervosa
Involves habitually engaging in out-of-control overeating followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts, such as self-induced vomiting, Fasting, abuse of laxatives and diuretics, and excessive exercise .
55
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Seasonal Depression
Depression thats related to change in seasons, it begins and ends at around the same time every year
56
Comorbidity
The simultaneous presence of two or more diseases or medical conditions in a Patient.
57
Conjunction Fallacy
Cognitive bias that occurs when people believe that the probability
of two events happening together is greater than the probability of either event happening alone
58
The availability heuristic
(AKA Availability Bias)
The availability heuristic is a type of mental shortout that involves estimating the probability or risk of something based on how easily examples come to mind.
If we can think of many examples, then we assume it happens frequently.
This can sometimes lead to systematic errors in thinking
59
Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Involve behavioural deficits such as flattened emotions, social withdraw, apathy, impaired attention, poor grooming, lack of presence at school or work and poverty of speech
60
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Behavioural excess or peculiarities such as hallucination delusions, incoherent thoughts, agitation, and a wild flight of ideas.
61
Expressed Emotion (EE)
The degree to which a relative of a schizophrenic patient displays highly critical or emotionally over involved attitudes towards the Patient.
62
Personality Disorders
Personality disorders are a class of disorders marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning
63
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Marked by impulsive, callous, manipulative, aggressive and irresponsible behaviour
People with this disorder are antisocial in the sense that they reject widely accepted social norms regarding moral principles
People with antisocial personalities chronically exploit others.
64
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
It's characterized by intense, unstable emotions and relationships, insecurity, and self-doubt. BPD can make everything about a person feel unstable, including their moods, thinking, behavior, relationships, and sometimes identity
People with BPD have an intense fear of abandonment and have trouble regulating their emotions, especially anger.
They also tend to show impulsive and dangerous behaviours
65
Cyclothymia
A milder form of bipolar disorder.
It involves frequent mood swings of hypomanic and depressive episodes
66
Unidentified schizophrenic
people who clearly are schizophrenic, but cannot be placed into any of the other subtypes of schizophrenia
67
Disorganized schizophrenic
More severe syndrome marked by frequent incoherence, obvious deterioration, and adaptive behaviour and virtually complete social withdrawal
68
Catatonic schizophrenia
the catatonia aspect, which involves unusual movements, behaviors, and communication difficulties
marked by striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity seen in a withdrawn state called catatonic stupor, two random motor activity seen in a state of catatonic excitement
69
Delusions
false beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality
70
Criteria of Abnormal Behaviour
Deviance- People are often said to have a disorder because their behaviour deviates from what society considers acceptable
Maladaptive Behaviour- Actions that interfere with a persons daily activities, ability to adjust or ability to participate in certain things.
Key criterion in diagnosis is substance abuse.
Personal Distress- Frequently, the diagnosis of psychological disorder is based on an individuals report of great personal distress.
Criterion met by people with anxiety disorders and depression.
71
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Marked by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a sense of entitlement and an excessive need for attention and admiration.
People with this disorder:
- Tend to be bashful and pretentious
- Although they seem self-assured and confident, their self-esteem is actually quite fragile, leaving them to fish for compliments and to be easily threatened by criticism
72
Anorexia Nervosa
Involves intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image, refusal to maintain normal weight, and dangerous measures to loose weight
Restricting Type Anorexia Nervosa:
People drastically reduce their food intake, sometimes literally starving themselves
Binge eating / Purging type Anorexia Nervosa:
Individuals attempt to loose weight by forcing themselves to vomit after meals, by misusing laxatives and diuretics, and by engaging in excessive exercise.
73
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Marked by, a chranic high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat.
People with this disorder constantly worry about yesterdays mistakes and
and tomorrows problems.
74
Dissociative Amnesia
A sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting
Cases of amnesia have been observed after people have experienced disasters, accidents, combat stress, physical abuse, and rape, among other things.
75
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative disorders are a class af disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity
(dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder [DID], depersonalization / derealization disorder)
76
Dissociative Identity Disorders (DID)
Involves a disruption of identity marked by the experience of 2 or more largely complete and usually very different personalities
77
Bipolar Disorder (BPD)
characterized by the experience of one or mare manic episodes as well as periods of depression
In a manic episode a persons mood becomes elevated to the point of euphoria
78
Paranoid Schizophrenic
Thought to be dominated by delusions that others are persecuting, tracking or otherwise monitoring a person
79
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
mental health condition some people experience after they witness a traumatic event
80
Anhedonia
A diminished ability to experience pleasure
81
Concordance Rate
Indicates the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder
82
Panic Disorder
characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly
83
Agoraphobia
Fear of going in public places
84
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Marked by persistent uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions)
85
Diagnosis
vs
Prognosis
vs
Etiology
Diagnosis- involves distinguishing one illness from another
Prognosis - Refers to the aparent
causation and development history of an illness
Etiology- A forecast about the probable course of an illness
86
Major Depressive Disorder
People who show persistent feelings of sadness and despair and loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure
Negative emotions form the heart of the depressive syndrome, but many other symptoms may also appear
In addition to the negative mood, a central feature of depression is anhedonia
87
Resistance
(in therapy)
Refers to largely unconcious defensive manoeuvers intended to hinder the progress of therapy.
why?
Because they don't want to face painful, disturbing conflicts that they may have buried in their unconscious
88
Transference
occurs when clients start relating to their therapists in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives
(ie. client starts relating to a therapist as if they were an overprotective mother, rejecting brother, passive spouse, ect.)
Psychoanalysis often encourages transference so that clients can re-enact relations with crucial people in the content of therapy.
These re-enactments can help bring repressed feelings and conflicts to the surface, allowing the client to work through conflicts
89
Client-Centered Therapy
Insight Therapy
An insight therapy that emphasized providing a supportive climate for clients, who play a major role in determining the pace and determining the pace and direction of their therapy
90
Behaviour Therapies
Behaviour therapies involve the application of learning principles to direct efforts to change clients maladaptive behaviour
It assumed behaviour is a product of learning It assumes that what’s been learned can be unlearned
91
Free Association
clients expound anything that comes to mind, regardless of now trivial, silly, or embarrassing it might be.
Gradually, most clients begin to let everything pour out without conscious censorship.
The analyst studies these free associations for clues about whats going on in the clients unconscious
92
Systematic Desensitization
A behaviour therapy used to reduce phobic clients anxiety responses through counterconditioning
3 steps:Learn ways to relax your musclesMake a list of all your fears and rank them based on intensitystart exposing yourself to your fears in stages so you get more and mare comfortable dealing with them
93
Exposure Therapy
Clients are confronted with situations they fear so they learn these situations are really harmless
Exposure therapy takes place in a controlled sotting , and often involve gradual progression from least to most feared
94
Aversion Therapy
Behaviour Therapy
in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response
Uses classical conditioning to create an aversion to a stimulus that has elicited problems
EXAMPLE
nausea-inducing drug paired with alcohol to create an aversion to drinking)
95
Social Skills Training
Behaviour Therapy
Designed to improve interpersonal skills that emphasizes modelling, behavioural rehearsal, and shaping
Social skills training depends on the principles of operant conditioning and observational learning
96
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy
Uses specific strategies to correct habitual thinking errors that underlie various types of disorders
The goal of cognitive therapy is to change clients negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs.
To begin, clients are taught to detect their automatic negative thoughts~the self-defeating statements that people are prone to make when analyzing problems.
Clients are then trained to subject these automontic thoughts to reality testing. The therapist helps them see how unrealistically negative the thoughts are
97
Biomedical Therapy
Uses physiologically based treatment to address mental illness.
Treatments include drug therapy, shock therapy, and surgery
These therapies assume that psychological disorders are caused, at least in part, by biological malfunctions
98
Anxiety Drugs
Used to treat symptoms such as:
Fear, Dread, Apprehension, Nervousness, Uneasiness, Muscle tension
EXAMPLE
SSRI’s
SNRI’s
Benzo
99
Antipsychotic Drugs
Used primarily in the treatment of schizophrenia, and severe mood disorders
These drugs are used to gradually reduce psychotic symptoms including: hyperactivity mental confusion, hallucinations and delusions
EXAMPLE
Aripiprazole
Olanzapine
Quetiapine
Risperidone.
100
Antidepressant Drugs
Drugs to increase activity at serotonin synapses
Gradually elevates mood and help bring people out of depression
EXAMPLES
SSRI’s
fluoxetine (Prozac)
paroxetine (Paxil, Pexeva)
sertraline (Zoloft)
citalopram (Celexa)
escitalopram (Lexapro)
101
Mood Stabilizers
Drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar disorders
102
Electroconclusive Therapy (ECT)
Biomedical Therapy Treatment
Treatment in which electric shock is used to produce a cordial seizure accompanied by convulsions
ECT seems to change brain chemistry, and these changes can quickly improve symptoms of certain mental heath conditions
103
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
New technique that temporarily enhances of depresses activity in a specific area of the brain
A magnetic coil is held over specific areas of the head to increase or decrease activity in discrete regions of the cortex in order to improve symptoms of major depression and other mental health conditions.
104
Eclecticism
Involves drawing ideas from two or more systems of therapy instead of committing to just one system
105
Deinstitutionalization
Refers to transferring the treatment of mental illnesses from inpatient institutions to community-based facilities that emphasize outpatient care.
106
Insight Therapy
"Talk therapy"
Helps clients understand how their past experiences affect their present thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.
The goal is to help clients identify and change destructive patterns
107
Behaviour Therapy
Based on the idea that behaviour is learned and can be changed.
Behaviour therapies make direct efforts to alter problematic responses (phobias) and maladaptive habits (eg. drug use)
Most procedures involve classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or observational learning.
108
Clinical Psychologist
(5-7 years)
concerned with the assessment and treatment of mental illness and psychological problems.
Psychological testing, diagnosis, treatment with insight or behaviour therapy
109
Counselling Psychobgist
(5-7 years)
Focus on normative developmental, and mental health issues and challenges
Similar to clinical psychologist but more focus on work, career, and adjustment problems.
110
Psychiatrist
(8 years)
Focus on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental, emotional and behavioural disorders.
Diagnosis and treatment primarily with biomedical therapies but also insight therapies.
111
Clinical Social Worker
(2-5 years )
Counsel patients and their families to cope with their unique situation
Insight and behaviour therapy, often help patients with their return to the community
112
Counsellor
(0-2 years)
Work with individuals experiencing personal difficulties to help them overcome their problems
Vocational counselling, drug counselling, rehabilitation counselling
113
Psychoanalysis
An insight therapy that emphasizes the recovery of unconcious conflicts, motives, and defences through techniques such as free association and transference
114
Functionalism
Focus:
The function and purpose of mental processes and behaviors, particularly in terms of adaptation and survival.
Method:
Observation of behavior, experimentation, and other approaches beyond introspection.
Key Figures:
William James and John Dewey.
Goal:
To understand how mental activities contribute to an organism's ability to adapt to its environment.
Example:
Understanding why humans have developed complex social structures for survival and cooperation.
115
Structuralism
Focus:
The structure of the mind, specifically its basic components of consciousness. Method: Introspection, where individuals are trained to describe their conscious experiences.
Key Figures:
Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener.
Goal:
To understand the fundamental elements of consciousness, such as sensations, images, and feelings.
Example:
Analyzing the sensations experienced when tasting a piece of chocolate.
116
Psychoanalytic Approach
Psychoanalysis emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind, where thoughts, feelings, and memories may be repressed or unavailable to conscious awareness
It posits that unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories, often rooted in early experiences, significantly influence our behavior and mental well-being. Psychoanalysis aims to bring these unconscious elements into conscious awareness, allowing individuals to gain insight and overcome psychological difficulties.
117
Empirical
based on observation, experience, or experiment, rather than theory or abstract ideas
118
Behaviourist Approach
Focuses on understanding behavior through observable actions and responses to external stimuli, rather than internal thoughts or feelings.
It posits that all behaviors are learned through conditioning, either classical or operant, in response to interactions with the environment.
119
Hypothesis vs Theory
Hypothesis is a statement to guide research; a suggested explanation of
a phenomenon.
Theory is a tested, well- substantiated, unifying explanation of a phenomenon, backed by
evidence.
120
Moratorium
Individuals who are delaying commitment and actively exploring alternative ideologies as being in a state of identity
121
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Stimulus—> Bodily Reaction—>Emotion
posits that emotions are a result of physiological reactions to external stimuli, and that these reactions are perceived by the brain to create the emotional experience.
In essence, the body reacts first, and the mind interprets those bodily changes as an emotion.
EXAMPLE
seeing a bear triggers a physiological response like a racing heart and trembling, which are then interpreted by the brain as fear
122
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
proposes that emotional experiences and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, rather than sequentially
123
Motivation vs Drive vs Incentive
Motivation is the why you're doing something.
Drive is the ability push though to accomplish it.
Incentive is an external reward or punishment that influences behavior.
124
The Capilano Bridge experiment
The Capilano Bridge experiment is a classic example of the misattribution of arousal phenomenon in psychology, demonstrating how people can incorrectly attribute their physiological arousal to a romantic attraction rather than the actual source of the arousal.
The researchers hypothesized that the men who crossed the suspension bridge misattributed the physiological arousal (increased heart rate, adrenaline rush) they felt due to the fear of the high bridge to romantic attraction towards the female confederate
125
Schacter Two Factor Theory of Emotion
Event—> Arousal —> Cognitive Label —
—>Emotion
Theory that states that emotion is due to two factors, physiological arousal and cognitive processes.
The theory explains that people use cues from their immediate environment to inform their emotions.
126
Egocentrism
The tendency to perceive and understand the world solely from one's own perspective, struggling to grasp the viewpoints or feelings of others.
It's a cognitive bias where individuals assume their own experiences and understanding are universally shared.
127
Animism
refers to the belief that natural phenomena and inanimate objects possess lifelike characteristics, such as intentions, desires, and feelings
128
Neuroticism
This trait reflects a person's tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anxiety, sadness, and worry.
High Neuroticism: Individuals may experience frequent negative emotions, be prone to worry, and have difficulty regulating their emotions.
Low Neuroticism: Individuals tend to be more emotionally stable, resilient, and less prone to negative emotions.
129
Conscientiousness
This trait describes a person's level of organization, responsibility, and goal-directedness.
High Conscientiousness: Individuals tend to be organized, dependable, and focused on achieving goals.
Low Conscientiousness: Individuals may be less organized, less dependable, and struggle with goal-directed behavior.
130
“Big Five” Personality Traits
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
131
