Psych 282 midterm one Flashcards
What does behaviour modification aim to do?
Behaviour modification aims to understand and potentially change the behaviour by manipulating the environment rather then acting on the behaviour directly through reinforcement
What questions do we ask during behaviour modification?
BMW H
if we want a BMW we might first examine why we want a BMW and then think of how we can change our behaviour to make getting one more likely in the future, just like how behaviour modification asks why a behaviour has occurred and how a behaviour can be changed for the future.
What is skinners defintion of behaviour
Behaviour must occur due to operant condtioning only, (and not for an internal reasons) and must be measurable so we must be able to observe it externally
What is a cognitive psychologists definition of behaviour
Cognitive psychologists define both overt actions and hidden internal actions as behaviour
How do we describe behaviour?
We describe behaviour using verbs that specify single actions- we do not use words that describe what a collection of actions represents, ex we would not describe a behaviour as angry but we could describe it as yelling, stomping or hitting
What are all the measurable dimensions of behaviour?
DILF, lots of disagreement about what is defined as a DILF need measurable dimensions just like how DILF refers to the measurable dimensions of behaviour
DURATION - the ammount of time a behaviour occurs for ex. if we are measuring what we define as crying and the child cries from 12:10-12:12 the duration of their crying would be for two minutes. dur like during refers to the time DURING which the behaviour occurs
INTENSITY - a measure of the strength through which a behaviour occurs usually used as a measure of force, ex grip strength
LATENCY - Late like later, refers to a time when the behaviour will occur later- measures the time between a specific event and the behaivour occuring, ex. rats in a maze if we are counting them running through the door as our behaviour then our latency starts when they are placed in the maze and ends as soon as they run through the door
FREQUENCY - refers to how often a behaviour occurs, it is important to define what one occurance of a behaviour is equal to when counting frequency ex. child cries for 2 minutes that could depending on what we define as one instance of crying represent one or multiple frequencines of crying
Why is it important that we are specific when defining behaviour?
It is important that we are specific when we define a behaviour so that we do not make errors. Ex if we are trying to measure yelling and we define it as a sound produced by an individual over a certain decible this definition is flawed because clapping could also count as yelling if it meets the noise requirement as it is also a sound produced by the individual therefore we would have to specify that yelling counts as a vocal production over a certain decibel produced by an individual
What are two ways that behaviour can influence the environment?
Behaviour can influence the physical environment and the social environment, an example of how behaviour influences the physical environment is a rat pressing a lever and causing a treat to be released as this represents an interaction with the physical environment. Behaviour can influence the social environment by influencing how likely others around us are to engage in behaviour.
What does “behaviour is lawful mean”?
Under the law someone is only considered guilty if there is no room for doubt of their guilt if we can be 100% sure of their guilt, (in theory not in practice) behaviour does not follow this. An antecedent is considered to be a predictor of a behaviour if a behaviour follows it the majority of the time but not necessarily 100% of the time. It is important that we use what happens the majority of the time to make predictions rather then incorporating what occurs everytime in our predictions as this would make them very complicated and as it is hard to tell exactly what hidden variables in an environment could change behaivour it may result in rare occurances being given a relationship with the antecedent that they in reality do not have, (that they occured bc of some uncommon hidden variable once and unlikely to occur again and therefore not important for understanding the relationship between the antecedent and the behaivour)
What is the important differentiation to note when we talk about desirable behaivour?
Desirable behaviour does not always mean good behaviour instead it just means a behaviour that we want to increase
What is the term for a behaviour that is happening too often that we want to decrease
Behavioural excess
What is the term for a desirable behaivour that is not happening enough- that we want to increase the occurance of?
Behavioural deficit
What are the 3 terms for describing the stages of behaviour?
Antecedent a like allows the thing in the environemnt that lets us know that the behaivour is allowed to occurs, (as in that tells us that we can perform the behaivour not necesscarily that it will be recieved well)
Behaviour
Consequence - a response from the environment that either increases or decreases the likelihood that the behaivour will be performed in the future
What is the difference between applied and experimental behaviour analysis?
Experimental behaviour analysis e like examines, as experimental behaviour analysis examines why a behaivour is occuring
applied behaivour analysis a like in addtion bc in addition to examining why a behaviour occurs applied behaivour analysis takes that explanation and treis to use it to change the likelihood of the behaivour occuring in the future.
What are the characteristics of behaviour modification?
CPP
Like how CPP (peoples party of china) does not care about citizens personalities, (dosen’t need to appeal to them as it is a dictatorship) behaviour modification also does not care about personality,
Behaviour modification only cares about CURRENT events and not the recent PAST or internal features like the individuals PERSONALITY
When do we need to check if behaivour modification was effective
before to establish a baseline, during treatment, after treatment and long after treatment, (as we want to make a long term change)
What is comparative psychology?
The school of psychology that compares psychological and behavioural capacities across different species.
What did Edward Thorndike contribute to behaviourism?
Edward thorndike - sounds like dYk3 - word for lesbian, lesbians interested in kitties and boxes edward thorndike also interested in how kitties solve puzzle boxes.
Edward thorndike existed in a time where it was believed that problems were solved through an instance of spontaneous insight. Edward thorndike took a comparative psychological, (school of psychology that compares behavioural and psychological capacities between different species) approach to the problem of spontaneous insight, (theorized that if humans displayed spontaneous insight when problem solving so would other species). To test the theory of spontaneous insight thorndike placed cats in a box where they would have to solve a puzzle to get out. If the theory of spontaneous insight held true thorndike believed that they would go from not knowing how to get out to being able to get out reliably every single time. Instead thorndike found that the cats performance gradually increased overtime called this gradual improvement. Thorndike found that if the cats experienced a satisfying outcome after then they would have a stronger association between the situation that they were in and the behaviour that led to the satisfying outcome - called thorndikes law of effect. So if the cats escaped the box after doing a specific behaviour then next time they were in the box, (the antecedent) it would serve as a stronger signal for the behaviour to occur. Thorndike examined the consequence as either strengthenging or weakening the association between the antecedent and the behaivour but mostly focused on the relationship between the antecedent and the behaviour.
What did Watson contribute to behaviour modification?
Watson - like Wats on the inside something that psychs Watson was not concerned with and watson sherlock doctor concerned with precise measurements and quantities. Watson thought behaviour should only be defined as quantifiable actions- so had to be observable actions could not be concerned with Wats on the inside. Also did not focus much on the role of past consequencesas was not quantifiable or observable, instead more concerned with what was the stimulus in the current environemnt, (as this could be measured and observed) as an explanation for behaivour. Only interested in consequences as potentially strengthening or weakening the relationship between the antecedent and the behaviour.
What are all the names for classical conditioning
CPR - if I saw someone getting CPR I might have the conditioned response of getting anxious everytime I hear the CPR beats- this demos CLASSICAL or PAVLOVIAN or RESPONDENT conditioning.
What did Pavlov contribute to behaviour modification?
Pavlov took a simmilar approach to thorndike and applied it to reflexive behaivour . For example in Pavlovs experiment where he classically conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of the bell the bell would be the antecedent, the behaviour would be the salivation and the consequence would be getting food. Here the consequence of getting food would only be important because it would strengthen the association between the bell and salivating it would cause the dog to more strongly (unconciously) see the bell as an indicator to perform the behaviour of salivating, pavlov also only interested in conseqences role in strengthening or weakening the association between the antecedent and the behaivour.
What is the difference between thorndike’s puzzle boxes and skinners operant boxes?
In thorndikes puzzle boxes the cats would experience the outcome of being released and potentially the reward of getting food but the reward of getting food was not instantaneous and may have not been the exact same food in the exact same place each time, whereas with skinner if the animal performed a certain behaviour in the operant box they would recieve food instantly after and this would be the same consequence each time until more manipulations were added. Reflects how skinner was more interested in the consequence behaviour relationship and thorndike was more interested in the antecedent behaviour relationship.
What is applied behavioural analysis?
Created by Baer, Wolfe and Risley (like grizzly) ironic that they have animal names when they were interested in how to change behviour to better meet the social standards of humans. Wanted to modify behaivour in a way that made it more socially acceptable, and wanted to make changes generalizable, ex if someone is afraid of hieghts might give them some stratagies to calm them down, want to make sure that they can extend these stratagies beyond the environment that they were learned in and in situations where they might encournter hieghts.
What is a behaviour assessment and why is it important?
X axis measures something related to time
Y axis measures frequency of behaivour
Is important because it can give us a baseline and can tell us if the behaviour is something that we should actually focus on modifying- sometimes salient behaviour will stand out in our memory and as a way to explain its emphasis in memory we mistakenly beleive that it happened more frequently or recently then it did which could skew our understanding of how severe a behaivour is and lead us to try to modify something that may not need modificaiton.
Indirect Assessment
Indirect assessment is when behaviour is not watched IN real time, and is instead monitored from IN memory
Cons: Memory can be fallible, salient features may be incorrectly reported as wee may rationalize that they occured recently or frequently to explain their emphasis, instances of a behaviour may be overlooked in memory and if an individual is self reporting a behaviour they may not notice when the behaviour occurs if it is done unconsciously and they might not feel that they have to monitor for it until comes time to report and then they may not have detected it so may not be able to retrieve instances of it from hindsight
What is direct assesment?
When someone monitors and notes down the behaviour during its duration, (d like during duration means time during which a behaviour occurs) so direct assessment refers to monitoring a behaviour and noting down instances where it occurs in real time.
What are the cons of direct assesment?
The presence of someone else being there might cause the individuals behaviour to be skewed by reactivity, if self monitoring for a behaviour done unconsciously then the person may be more sensitive to it as they are trying to detect it causing them to do it less (which in some cases can be good as a treatment option however does not help if trying to get a baseline), may need a full time trained observer which could be expensive/hard to get, may need an observer to be trained on detecting harder to detect behaivours, observer may miss harder to detect behaviours and if self monitoring the individual could forget to note down their behaviour in real time, and reactivity, (someone changing their behaviour to try to cater to an observer) could skew observations
What is self monitoring?
When an individual is trained to record their own behaviour
When is self monitoring useful?
Self monitoring is useful when their are no independent observers available, all instances of the behaviour must be recorded, the behaviour occurs infrequently or the behaviour does not occur in the presence of others
What are the steps in behaviour assessment?
- Define the target behaviour
- Choose who will be observing the behaviour
- Choose when and where the behaviour will be recorded
What is an operational definition?
ODS T MANAGR EV P, U?
like being introduced to ODS tea manager eve P, asking for our name- asking us to define who we are, define like OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONs SPECIFY TERMS as MEASUREMENTS, have AMBIGUITY NOT ALLOWED, have the GOAL of REPLICATION, involve observable EXTERNAL states, use VERBs and must be PRACTICAL AND USEFUL
Give an example of an operational definition
We are trying to measure mouthwateringness. We define mouthwateringness as the ammount of milligrams of saliva we get from holding a cotton ball, (where we specify the brand and size) in a specific area in an individuals mouth for a specific ammount of time following the consumption of a specific ammount of a specific food at a specific time in a specific environment. While our experiment in theory can be done if we are testing kids who will not sit still long enough for us to place a cotton ball in their mouths then it is not a PRACTICAL or USEFUL operational definition so we would have to change it.
What is an independent observer?
Someone who records the behaviour and is independent from the individual who commits the behaviour
What is self monitoring?
When someone monitors themself- monitors their own behaviour
What is a structured observation?
Structured like we structure (control) the scenerio, we arrange for specific events to occur or for specific elements to be present
What is unstructured observation?
We do not interfere in the situation just observe
When is structured observation useful?
Structured observation is useful if we want to see a subjects reaction to manipulation of a specific variable, if the behaviour only occurs under certain conditions, or if we need a recording of the behaviour
What is continuous recording?
continuous like continue, we continue to record the behaviour every instance that it occurs/we continue recording the behaviour we do not stop for intervals/only take samples recordings of the behaviour
What is discontinuous recording?
dis like not, we do not continue recording instead we stop at certain intervals or at a certain time- we do not record every instance of the behaviour
What is remote monitoring?
recording behaviour through a device
What does extrapolate mean?
extrapolate- contains the word extra, and refers to how we assume that the instances we have recorded represent all extra instances that we have not, we assume that the number of instances we record represents how the ways behaviour always occurs so we do not need to record all instances
What is partial interval recording?
When we record the behaviour as occuring if it occurs during any part of the interval, ex. if we split a class into 5 minute intervals and monitor for a child crying, using partial interval recording we would document it as the child crying for that interval if they cry at any time during that 5 minute period
What is whole interval recording?
When we record a behaviour as occuring only if it occured for the entire interval. Ex, if we split a class into 5 minute intervals and mointor for a child crying using whole interval recording we would document it as the child crying for the interval ONLY IF THEY CRY FOR THE ENTIRE 5 minutes.
What is frequency interval recording?
Frewuency like how often, refers to when we set a time interval and then record how many times a behaviour occurs in that interval instead of just a check or an x to show that it occured or not during the interval like we do with whole and partial interval recording, (where for partial interval could have occured anywhere from 1 to 5 times) frequency interval recording would specify how many times the behaviour actually occured.
What is time sample recording?
When you only monitor for behaviour for a specific ammount of time in your interval, ex if a teacher wants to see if a child is talking with others would observe child from 4:30 to 5:00 of a 5 minute interval.
What is momentary time sample recording?
Ironic that it is called momentary time sample recording because the ammount of time that is monitored is at most a few seconds. Involves a period of time being split into intervals where the end of each interval- when if imagining a timer to beep ques the observer to glance to see if the behaviour is occuring and then they wait to check until the interval ends again.
If a teacher is trying to momentary time sample record if a child is talking to others and the class is broken into intervals of five minutes they would set a timer for five minutes and when the timer went off glance up to see if the child is talking and then quite monitoring again.
What is product recording?
When we use the product of the behaviour to indicate when the behaviour occurred instead of observing the behaviour as it happens Ex if we use when the dishwasher finishes a load of dishes to indicate that the behaviour of loading the dishwasher has occured we are noting down how many times we observe the results of the dishwasher loading behaviour rather then how many times we observe the diswasher loading itself
What are natural settings and what are their pros and cons?
Natural settings are settings that we do not manipulate so if the behaviour occurs it occurs by itself as it naturally would. Pros: we get a better representation of how the behaviour would occur in real life in real time Cons: Since we do not control the environment it makes it hard to know what caused the behaviour as we can not account for all variables/many variables are occuring at a time.
What are analog settings and what are the pros and cons?
analog like analog horror, often analog horror involves a game where we pretend we are taking a test- we are artificially taking in an experience, just like how analog settings refer to artificial settings, (settings that we control), pros: it is easier to determine what caused a behaviour as we know about all variables and control them, since we control all the variables we can also manipulate variables to test behavioural reactions
Cons: we do not get as good a sense of how the behaviour occurs in real life/outside of a controlled/lab setting
How can we reduce reactivity?
We can reduce reactivity through longterm exposure- involves having observers watch participants for a long period of time. While participants may in the beginning change their behaviour in response to being watched people are lazy and often will revert back to their normal ways after enough time has passed, (ex. if a teaching assistant comes to observe a class for the first week the kids might turn and stare at them however if they continue to sit in the class every mwf for a whole semester the kids will quit looking back at them and therefore quit changing their behaviour because enough time has passed), We can also reduce reactivity by not having participants know that they are being watched, we can acomplish this through the use of two way mirrors or by having a reasercher pretend to be a participant - the participants will be unlikely to believe that another participant has an expectation of them so unlikely to modify their behaviour to try to cater to it, and can make it so participants do not know what the observer is observing so they can not try to cater to the observer as they will not know what to cater to.
When can reactivity be a good thing?
Reactivity can be a good thing if we are having an individual self monitor for a behaviour and due to being more aware of their behaviour and a certain expectation of it they might consciously avoid doing it, making reactivity through self monitoring a potential treatment
What does funcitonal assessment mean?
Trying to determine as close to a causal relationship as we can between the behaviour and the environment. We use the term functional because it means less confidence then causal but still a degree of confidence in the association.
What are the steps we must take to complete a functional assessment?
- Define and identify target behaviours
- Start collecting data
- Define the functional relationship- what are we confident is triggering the behaviour to occur
- develop treatment related to our knowledge of behaviour system, (what we are confident is causing it to occur)
- Evaluate the effectivness of the treatment- did the treatment work as intended
- when we do this examine if treatment was effective if so promote maintainance and generalization
- if no ask was treatment administered correctly
- if yes then reexamine the functional assesment, perhaps reserachers have the wrong pitcure of what is causing the behaviour
- if no retrain staff, rearrange treatment components, examine functional assessment and provide support
What are antecedents and consequences according to a non-operant conditioning approach?
Antecedents a like alter antecedents are stimuli in the current envrionment that alters the likelihood that the behaviour will occur
Consequences are our previous experiences of the results of behaviour- impact the likelihood that we will do the behaviour again when we encounter the antecedent that caused us to do the behaviour in the first place. Consequences have a repitoire effect bc they impact the likelihood of us doing the specific behaviours and potential alternatives later on in time.
How do we identify antecedents?
Ask what is persistently present in an environment before a behaviour occurs
What does topography mean in terms of behaviour?
Topping is physical like topography refers to the physical characteristics of a behaviour ex what movements and sounds occur when the behaviour occurs
What are automatic consequences?
a like always with, bc while most behaviours will not always have a certain consequence automatic behaviours will as if the behaviour has occured that also means the consequence has occured as the consequence is within the behaviour itself, ex. a child commits the behaviour of crying because they enjoy the consequence of the loud sound that occurs when they cry.
What is exploratory functional analysis?
explore like explore many different possible functional relationships, have no single clear hypothesis on what causes behaviour so test a number of variables under one condition, (while human behaviour often has many causes we are looking for what feature plays the largest role in causing this behaviour to occur) , results in identifying the function (cause but w/ less confidence) while eliminating other functions can give us more certainity as we know is the result of one function and how it is impacted by others/less chance for hidden variables.
What is hypothesis test functional analysis?
hypothesis test functional analysis “h” like here we stay here with this one function as opposed to exploratory analysis where we explore
different functions.
- We have one hypothesis, (we predict that one function is causing the behaviour)
- we only test one condition
- can not prove that other functions did not cause behaviour
-
What are the pros and cons of hypothesis test functional analysis?
Pros: potentially lower cost and less time consuming, (as we do not have to test out as many functions) good if we are pretty sure of what is causing the behaviour
Cons: if our hypothesis is incorrect we have to go back to the drawing board and we do not get to know the multiple possible antecedents and consequences that contribute to the behaviour being enacted so get a less full scope picture and potentially less effective treatment
What is learning from a behaviourist perspective?
A change in behaviour that is longlasting and resists reversal that occurs due to experience. According to a behaviourist perspective learning must be observable, can not be latent learning, (when learning occurs but there is no incentive to prove it) and it must occur from prior interactions with environment
What is unlearned behaviour?
Behaviour that is innate, occurs naturally without any prior experience, ex. reflex arcs
What are the two things reflex can refer to and how to tell them apart?
innate reflexes refer to automatic behaviours that are unlearned- that we are born knowing how to do
reflexive behaviour refers to behaviour that occurs automatically that can have been learned, ex. climbing the stairs when we see stairs we do not have to think about it we just walk up them however this has been learned, so it is a reflexive behaviour
What does elicited behaviour refer to?
Automatic unlearned behaviour, elicit sounds like expliciy explicit more like instincts and bodily responses not learned innate. Occur in response to environmental stimuli and usually have adaptive value. ex. pupils withdrawal to light, removing hand fast when touching something hot, and sneezing when dust particles enter the nose
includes modal action patterns, reflex arcs, and behavioural sequences
em br like embers if hit our hand elicit our reflex arc refers to how ELICITED behaviours, (automatic unlearned behaviours) include MODAL ACTION PATTERNS, BEHAVIORAL SEQUENCES and REFLEX arcs
What are modal action patterns?
you dont want to become a model, (modal) you silly goose- geese egg example
Modal action patterns are species specific behaviours that follow a strict sequence (is stereotyped like how stereotypes assume that all ppl of one identity behave in one way stereotyped behaviour sequences refer to behaviours that are always enacted in one way- always follow the same sequence) and usually have some type of adaptive value. Ex if a nesting goose sees a vaugly egg shaped object outside of their nest they will stand up, turn to face it, extend their neck, and use their beak to roll it back to their nest- even if someone picks up the egg so they are no longer approaching anything anymore they will continue the sequence as if the egg was there. Modal action patterns species specific sequences that are stereotyped, (enacted in the same way each time) since all members of species have it suggest that there is some adaptive value and are innate- inborn to members of that species.
What are behavioural sequences
Behavioural sequences, b like broad beginning behaviour and b like big backed- uses kitchen example behavioural sequences start out broad beginning becomes specific - have several potential behaviours that can be enacted/does not follow a strict pattern of which behaviours occur/in what order but then becomes specific. Ex. searching for food in the kitchen might look in different places in different orders (starts broad) then finding a bowl of oranges (gets specific) if we are going to eat the orange we have to peel it first then likely split it and chew it, (so we have to follow a specific sequence of behaviours now- gets specific)
What is sign stimuli?
Your face can provide a sign for what you are thinking - have this ability since birth and is innate, sign like sign stimuli sign stimuli are stimuli that elicit responses (e like embroyo- elicited responses are automatic inborn responses, not present at embroyo stage probably but are inborn)
What are supernormal stimuli?
If I am saying I’m supernormal their might be an exaggerated sign on my face that proves that I am not, (innate automatic reaction)
Supernormal stimuli are exaggerated sign stimuli that elicit, (e like embryo refers to automatic responses that are inborn so could have been present since the embryonic stage) an exaggerated response.
What are the types of event alone learning?
Habituation and Sensitization
Habituation like an association takes up habitat in our brain and habitat like how animals have specific habitats habituation refers to a decreased response to a specific stimuli- habitution refers to when we decrease responding to an event bc of the signals bc of an association that we have learned in our brain. Ex. if a fire alarm goes off at first we might jump however if it keeps going off every 10 minutes it may quit startling us so we may quit reacting, habituation is highly specific so we will only quit having as intense of a startled response to the fire alarm we will not, not display a decreased startled response to a tone even if it is of the same loudness and frequency if it is not the firealarm, this illustrates how habituation is highly specific.
Sensitization - if we are more sensitive we will react more strongly and we will not only react more strongly to one specific thing many things will be capable of making us react more strongly, ex. if the firealarm goes off and the persons birds get upset then they might be antcipating the firealarm and the birds reacting so they might be more tense leading to them to react more strongly when it does and leading to them to react more strongly to other stimulus, (unlike habituation sensitization is not specific)
What is not habituation or an example of event alone learning
Sensory adaptation- deals with our sensory receptors only, decreased response to a stimulus because our sensory receptors no longer fire as strongly to that stimulus due to prolonged exposure and to make room for potentially other important stimulus, ex. if we put on a sweater in the morning and we notice that it feels itchy but over the course of the day we come to notice this less bc our sensory receptors quit firing as strongly
What does fatigue refer to?
When our muscles get to tired to create as strong of a response
How can we tell the difference between sensory adaptation and habituation?
Habituation- info takes habitat in our brain learning occurs causing us to display a decreased response to it due to learning from prolonged exposure- event alone learning, one event causes learning- just like how habitats are specific the decreased response that occurs during habituation will be stimuli specific, (will only occur to one stimuli)
Sensory adaptation not stimuli specific involves receptors decreasing in firing so if a simmilar type of stimuli is exposed to the person and they display a decreased response to it it is likely that due to prolonged exposure to that type of stimuli their receptors have stopped firing as strongly
If we wanted to test if a decreased response to a fire alarm is the result of habituation or sensory adaptation we could play a tone of a simmilar frequency, if the person does not react it suggests that the sensory receptors in their ears have decreased firing to all auditory stimulus suggesting that sensory adaptation has occured however if the person does display a startled response it is likely that habituation occured as under habituation there is only a decreased response to that one specific stimuli so will still respond normally to other types of stimuli, (sensitization on the other hand is not specific - if we are sensitive we display increased reactions to many things not just one thing- sensitization is not specific)
What are the adaptive value of habituation and sensitization?
Habituation - do not want to keep wasting energy reacting to something that is not changing
Sensitization - likely an environment of stress if we are in a stressful environement it pays to have increased reactions - yes we might waste energy but it ensures that we will not be startled by a predator/we have the increased reactions so we do not risk having a deficient reaction when it really counts.
What is a stimulus?
SDME
SD ME would be stimulating - stimulus
STIMULUS must be DETECTABLE, MEASURABLE and capable of EVOKING a response or behaviour, (evoking means can be a learned or unlearned response)
What are acquisition and association?
Association is the relationship between two stimuli
Acquisition is the process of acquiring an associaiton
What is the interobserver agreement?
An agreement on the procedure for measuring a behaviour made between two observers
How do we calculate the interobserver agreement?
- Have two people measure the same target behaviour at the same time independently
- Compare their results
- Calculate the percentage of agreement between their results
What is the research method for behavior
- measure the dependent variable, (the target behavior)
- manipulate the independent variable note any changes in the dependent variable, (the target behavior), eliminate confounding variables
- Replicate
What is an A- B research design?
A research design with one baseline phase and one treatment phase, since we can not replicate it we can not demonstrate a functional relationship - if we have one AB and can not replicate it into more abs, suggests we are not using the muscles from that area and therefore it is not functional. just like how in an A-B research design the lack of replication means that a functional relationship can not be established.
What is an A-B-A-B research design?
You have 2 ABs could replicate ABS once so suggests that you do use them and therefore they have a function, A-B-A-B research design does allow for replication as we return to the baseline and add the treatment again- this means that if the treatment works again it reduces the possibility that a hidden variable created the results, as it is unlikely we will have the same hidden variables multiple times and doing it again at a different time inevitablly eliminates hidden variables such as the exact time period when the og test occured.
What is a multiple baseline design?
An AB design but we have them iwth multiple people, if multiple people have one AB at different times suggests that this may be a general varaition of stomach strength over time so may be functional may just be expressed that way- just like how a multiple baseline design for an AB design can be functional if they start participants at different times. Multiple baseline designs involves administering treatments at different points for different participants with the same behaviour- unlikely they will all have the same hidden variables in their life so if a change occurs it is unlikely to be from a shared hidden variable and therefore likely to be due to treatment and if they started at different times then you do not have the shared variable of same starting time as a potential confounding variable so if they start at different times you do not need replication.
What is a multiple behaviour scenerio?
When we use different treatments on different behaviours at different starting times with the goal of reducing a general behaviour pattern. Since we start the different treatments at different times and the change occured when treatment started, we can be more confident that it is the treatment and not a hidden variable that caused all the changes to occur. Ex. if we want to decrease agressive behaviour and increase social behaviour in a child we might for the first week give them a script on how to start conversations, then on the second week teach them play behaviours.
What is multiple setting treatment?
Treatment for the same behaviour across 2+ settings. Ex trying to reduce someones fear of snakes could train them at therapists office, their home and their office- if they display reduced fear of snakes in all settings it makes us more confident that a hidden variable is not causing the change- as it is less likely that there will be the same variable in all 3 settings.
What is an alternating treatment design?
We switch between baseline and treatment in a 1:1 ratio ex. show kids violant cartoons days 1,3 and 5 and show kids no cartoons on days 2, 4 and 6, need more then one individual to make a funcitional claim
What is a changing criterion design?
Where we still have just an AB baseline and treatment phase however we split up the treatment into multiple phases with multiple goals- if the criteria keeps being met each time it is changed suggests that the treatment is causing this.
What is overshadowing?
When we only take the most attention grabbing feature of a stimulus as a que
What makes a good unconditioned stimulus?
A good unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that produces a strong bodily response
How does the intensity of the unconditioned response produced relate to the intensity of the conditioned response?
The more intense the unconditioned response brought by the unconditioned stimulus the more intense the conditioned response to the condtioned stimulus will be. More intense stimuli will also be easier to learn from
Outline the classical conditoning process
An unconditioned stimulus produces an unconditioned response, (unconditioned means the response occurs without conditoning, it is not a response we need to be conditioned to do it is a response we already do naturally) ex. the food in pavlovs experiment was the unconditoned stimulus as it produced the response of salivating without the dogs needing to be conditioned to do so, (it naturally produced the salivating response), we then pair it with a neutral stimulus in pavlovs case the bell ringing, (a bell does not produce a natural response in dogs has to be associated with something else to produce a response) - the neutral stimulus must come before the unconditioned stimulus as it will trigger us to display a the same as or simmilar to response we would to the unconditioned stimulus if we see it as a predictor that we will receive the unconditoned stimulus, the process of pairing the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus is called accquisition as we acquire the association that the neutral stimulus is a reliable predictor for the unconditioned stimulus. Once we display the rsponse we had displayed to the unconditioned stimulus naturally in only the presence of the formerly netural stimulus we can say it is a conditioned repsonse and the neutral stimulus has become a conditioned stimulus.
Does the response a conditioned stimulus produces always have to be the same as the response the unconditioned stimulus provides?
No it does not, ex. fear response if we hear a loud noise we might do the fear response of jumping if we begin to associate a red light with a loud noise we might display a fear response of freezing anticipating the loud noise, (so we display the same type of response) but we do not actually jump so conditioned responses do not have to be the same as unconditioned responses to suggest that the conditioned stimuli has been seen as a reliable predictor of the unconditioned stimuli- just has to be a response associated with anticipating the unconditioned stimuli so often will be the same but can just be a simmilar type of response
What does second order conditioning refer to?
Second order conditioning refers to when we have formed two conditioned responses, in the first trial of second order conditioning we would pair our unconditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus –> acquisition would occur and we would see the formerly neutral stimulus as a reliable predictor of the unconditioned stimulus so we would produce a response simmilar to or the same as the response we would produce to the unconditioned stimulus. If we produce the response simmilar or the same as the unconditioned response, (the response that follows the unconditioned stimuli- a response that occurs naturally with the uncondtioned stimuli- that we do not have to be conditioned into learning) when the unconditioned stimuli is not present we call this the conditioned response. Once we have our first conditioned response in second order conditoning we then take the condtioned stimulus and try to pair it with another neutral stimulus so this formerly neutral stimulus will become a predictor of our conditioned stimulus one which is a predictor unconditioned stimulus. Since we now have conditioned stimulus 2 serving as a predictor for conditioned stimulus 1 serving as a predictor for unconditioned stimulus we have undergone conditioning for 2 stimulus so we would call it secondary conditioning.
What is higher order conditioning?
When we have had more then one stimuli become our conditioned stimuli
ex. conditioned stimuli 3 serves as a predictor for conditioned stimuli 2 which serves as a predictor for conditioned stimuli 1 which serves as a predictor for our unconditioned stimuli. The further we get away from our original unconditoned stimuli the weaker our response gets.
What impacts learning?
The intensity of the unconditioned stimulus , the more intense of a response the unconditioned stimulus produces the more intense of a response the conditioned stimulus will produce, more intense unconditoned stimulus will also be easier to learn from. Biologicially relevant unconditoned stimulus will also be easier to learn from. Belongingness can also affect learning - belongingness refers to how associated a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus are. Ex. if we give a hamster the unconditoned stimulus of food everytime they display the conditioned repsonse of grooming themselves they will likely not learn an association as these behaviours are to different to form associtions between.
What does a temporal relationship refer to?
The relationship between time and the conditioned and unconditoned stimulus, the ammount of time between the presentation of the conditioned stimulus and the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus. In most cases it is very important that for a certain ammount of time the unconditioned and conditioned stimulus are presented together simultaneously,
What is short delay conditioning?
conditioned stimulus starts and then a short way into its duration the unconditioned stimulus starts allowing for a brief period of overlap between the start of the unconditioned and conditioned stimulus. The shorter the delay often the easier it is to form associations- as it is less likely that other events will occur in the presence of the conditioned stimulus so we will not be confused as to what it predicts- more likely that we will see it as only predicting the unconditioned stimulus making it easier for us to form an association.
What is long delay conditioning?
Long delay conditioning is when the conditioned stimulus starts there is a long delay the unconditioned stimulus starts the conditioned stimulus stops and the unconditioned stimulus stops too. The unconditioned and conditioned stimulus still occur simultaneously for a short period of time, in order to have a long gap between the start of the conditoned stimulus and the start of the unconditioned stimulus while having a brief period where both are presented simultaneously we need to have the conditoned stimulus present for a long period of time. Long delay stimulus presentation produces less good learning because there is more time for other events to occur while the conditioned stimulus is present so we have a potential LONG list of possible events that we can see the conditioned stimulus as a predictor of, making it harder for us to choose the unconditioned stimulus as what it predicts out of all the possible events it predicts.
What is trace conditioning?
Trace ironic bc sounds like two traced over each other but actually refers to no trace of overlap. as under trace conditioning there is no trace of overlap between the conditioned and the unconditioned stimulus. Conditioned stimulus starts conditioned stimulus ends, unconditioned stimulus starts and unconditioned stimulus ends- conditioned stimulus must end before the unconditoned stimulus starts- so there is no chance of overlap.
What does contiguity refer to?
contiguity gu like go when someone says we will go soon how much we will trust them will depend on how soon we actual go after they say we will, the closer the event of us leaving occurs in time to them saying that we will leave the more we will trust them, replace trust with learn and we will get the idea of contiguity- contiguity refers to how like we are more likely to trust someone if these two events occur closer together in time we are more likely to form an association between two events if they occur closer together in time.
contingency refers to how similar events will be easier to form an association between tin like a tin, what items we learn to put in a tin might depend on how simmilar they are to the other items in the tin just like how contingency refers to how having a simmilar unconditioned and conditioned stimulus makes learning easier
What is simultaneous conditiong?
When the unconditioned and conditioned stimulus’s start being presented simultaneously- it is important to focus on them starting simultaneously bc that means that the conditioned stimulus can not be a reliable predictor for the unconditioned stimulus. Additionally since the unconditioned stimulus is more likely more biologically relevant then the conditioned stimulus it will likely be more salient and then overshadow the conditoned stimulus, (overshadowing refers to when we do not pay attention to a certain aspect of a stimulus or a certain stimulus and therefore we are prevented from forming an association based on that aspect or stimulus and another stimulus/we will not see that aspect or stimulus as a reliable predictor for another aspect or stimulus). Since there is a significant chance that the conditioned stimulus will be overshadowed and since it does not occur before the unconditoned stimulus it is less likely to become a predictor of the unconditioned stimulus and therefore simultaneous conditioning is less effective then delay conditioning and trace conditioning.
What is backwards conditioning?
Backwards conditioning is when the unconditioned stimulus is presented first and then the conditioned stimulus is presented. Backwards conditioning is usually the leaast effective type of conditioning and does not usually occur- hard to have an event where it is significant enough that we associate a feature we saw after it occured as a predictor of it without seeing that feature before it occured. Ex a rabbit is attacked by a hawk experiences physical pain (the unconditioned stimulus) which naturally produces fear (the unconditioned response) after the attack it sees the shawdow of the hawks wing which it comes to associate with the unconditioned stimulus of the attack and comes to display the fear response to when it sees it in the environment as well since the shadow did not originally produce the fear response at least in this ex. it is the conditioned stimulus. Very unlikley however that it would not notice this feature until after the attack.
What is the intertrial interval?
The ammount of time that occurs inbetween each trial where US is paired with CS
What is the Rosclera Wagner curve?
The Rosclera Wagner curve illustrates the ammount learning increases over each trial. Here learning is defined as associative value, (the associative value refers to how much of an association we have formed between the conditioned and the unconditioned stimulus- we can use how suprised we are that the unconditioned stimlus follows the conditioned stimulus as a measure of how strong of an association we have formed) when they are first paired together our learning increases the most as we are the most suprised that they have occured together and have established the possibility that they can occur together, over repeated pairings we become less suprised that the sitmulus are paired together as we gain a higher associative value between them. Eventually when we are no longer suprised at all that the unconditioned stimulus follows the conditioned stimulus, once we have began to see the conditioned stimulus as a reliable predictor of the unconditioned stimulus then learning has ended as we now know the association.
What is conditioned taste aversion?
Occurs when we eat an often new food and get sick, we can get sick hours later and in this one instance and still develop an aversion to that food, is biologically relevant if something makes us sick once then we do not want to risk trying it again in case that it is poisionous
What is latent inhibition?
When previous exposure to the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus following makes it harder for us to see the conditioned stimulus as a predictor of the unconditioned stimulus. Latent learning refers to how prior experience with an event gave us knowledge of it that is not displayed until we gain a relevant opportunity to do so, simmilarily latent inhibition refers to when prior experience makes an impact on us that is not visable until we encounter a specific event related with that prior experience in this case our prior experience with the conditioned stimulus inhibits us from associating the conditioned stimulus with the uncondiitoned stimulus as in that experience the conditioned stimulus was not a predictor of the unconditioned stimulus.
What is blocking?
When we do not have a conditioned stimulus become a predictor of an unconditioned stimulus because we already have a conditioned stimulus that predicts the unconditioned stimulus so we do not need another one, think of a blocks being stacked deals with one block being on the bottom already being there just like how blockind deals with a conditoned stimulus already being there as a predictor of an unconditioned stimulus so we do not have another stimulus become the predictor of the unconditioned stimulus as we do not need another predictor. Different then overshadowing in that a feature/stimulus is not prevented from being a predictor bc another stimulus is more attention grabbing- the new stimulus could be more attention grabbing but if the past stimulus has acted as a reliable predictor for the unconditioned stimulus we wont be looking for a new one so it wont matter- but rather bc we already have a reliable predictor.
