psych 2400 chapter 7 (part two))

Question 1

we acquire knowledge about people

Answer 1

1. “false belief” test
2. more theory of mind
3. home video
4. some more

Question 2

who might say?

Answer 2

1. there is a specific brain mechanisms that matures over development giving us the ability to understand other people’s minds
2. the ability to understand the mind of others is part of more general capacities to inhibit reactions and reason about counterfactual statements

Question 3

what is an awareness of another’s mind

Answer 3

1. core-knowledge theorists: propose (usually innate) domain specific modules that come to be activated
2. information processing theorists: greater processing demands of social interactions
3. alternative: knowledge of people like any other knowledge reflects general developmental trend

Question 4

understanding where, when, why and how many

Answer 4

1. helps to make sense of experience

2. helps to give a sense of longer rhythms of social life.

Question 5

acquiring a sense of why

Answer 5

1. young infants discriminate causal from non-causal events: video of objects colliding
2. around 2-years of age: evidence that children understand that different objects can have different consequences
3. around 2-year of age evidence that children can solve problems that require an understanding of the effective aspects of objects
4. 4-year-olds try to explain inconsistencies in cause/effect relationships
5. around 5-years of age become interested in magic.

Question 6

acquiring a sense of where

Answer 6

1. in infancy: objects located with respect to the infants own body (near/far, direction)
2. search for hidden objects (A-Not-B): first search in correct location depending on age/ delay, experience with walkers can alter performance
3. Piaget egocentric representation: mountain task (presence of landmarks)
4. increased ability to utilize landmarks: at first target has be next to landmarks around 5 can use multiple landmarks.

Question 7

acquiring a sense of when

Answer 7

young infants can detect order and duration of events:

1. 3 months: left/right alternating presentation of pictures
2. 4 months: order of falling objects
3. 4 months: periods of light and dark
4. 6 months to 10 months: discriminate ratios of duration
5. 10-months-olds: can remember the order of events over months
6. 12-months-olds: can imitate pairs of actions in correct order
7. 20-month-olds: can imitate sequences of events
8. preschool children: show a sense of longer/shorter durations at the scale of weeks and months.

Question 8

acquiring a sense of many

Answer 8

1. young infants can discriminate differences in number but not clear what is being discriminated
2. Subitizing: perceive small numbers instantaneously
3. evidence from impossible event tasks may indicate rudimentary ability to perceive addition and subtraction in infancy
4. preschool children acquire the ability to count: starts with one-to-one correspondence
5. some evidence that acquiring mathematical concepts related to cultural and language

Question 9

Around 3 month (0-3 months)

Answer 9

1. eye-hand coordination
   2.tracking moving objects
   reach for objects
   oral exploration of objects
   look at details of faces including increase, deliberate eye contact.
2. watch parents at a distance
3. appear to move limbs to attract attention.
   “Reciprocal patterns of engagement”: parents exaggerate their expressions inserting vocalizations in between those of their infant and imitate the child’s facial expressions and movements.
   Basic exploration of objects.

Question 10

Around 6 months: (5-8 months)

Answer 10

1. acuity is ~20/25 to 20/30
2. better at judging near and far.
3. ocular movements are smooth and well coordinated, and fixation is effective.
4. Sits without support
5. sustained attention to objects
6. responds to sight of objects
7. discriminates faces
   Share attention to objects.
   More functional play with objects.
   stacking.
   Perceive connection between physical events
   Pat-a-cake.
   Search for a hidden object

Question 11

Around 9 months: (9-12 months)

Answer 11

1. act to provoke emotional response in other
2. offer comfort to others
3. Joint attention
4. Pretend Play
5. Object substitution
6. Reproduce sequences of related actions
7. Blicket detector
8. Tool use

Question 12

Around 12 months:

Answer 12

1. most infants will be crawling and trying to walk.
2. share attention to an object with another
3. words direct attention
   Bad at deception.
   False belief problem
   Just starting to recognize emotions from situations.
   participate in more elaborate social play.
   Imaginary friends
   Interpret actions of others.
   Functional features organize object categories
   Superordinate categories.
   Look for causes.
   Fail Mountain Task.