Psych 231 Test 2 Flashcards
What are the four metaphors that are used for attention?
1) attention as a filter
2) attention as a spotlight
3) attention as a pool of resources
4) Attention as a glue.
What is covert attention?
Attending to something, without moving the eyes?
e.g you are in a room staring straight ahead, while listening intently on a conversation to the side of you.
What is overt attention?
Attending to something by moving the eyes.
If one is not goal directed, what directs overt attention?
Salience.
What type of process is non-goal directed overt attention?
Bottom up/Data driven.
If one is given a goal, what sort of process is overt processing?
Top-down/conceptually driven.
What is change blindness?
Change blindness is the finding that observers often fail to notice large changes to objects or scenes when the change coincides with a brief visual disruption, such as a blink, movement of the eyes etc.
What is change blindness impacted by?
The gist of a visual scene, if a sentence description stays the same, then one may be oblivious, blind to any changes. e.g. Car in a city street, but if the backdrop change is significant, such as changes to a farm from the street, then the difference will be noticable.
What is the cocktail party effect?
The ability to focus on one stimulus, while tuning out another.
What is a dichotic listening test?
A test where the subject wears headphones and different stimuli is presented to the left and right ear.
In a Dichotic test, what is shadowing?
Repeating what you hear.
Donald’s Broadbent’s, filter model of processing, has 4 stages what are they?
1) sensory processing
2) filter
3) The detector
4) The output
In the Filter model of processing, what does the sensory memory do?
It holds all incoming information for a fraction of a second. Then it transfers the information to the filter.
In the Filter model of processing, what does the filter do?
Identifies information given attention, based upon it’s physical properties. The info paid attention to is moved to the detector, the other information is eliminated.
In the Filter model of processing, what are the physical properties that the filter stage identifies information that is paid attention to?
Tone, Rapidity, accent, pitch. (T.R.A.P)
In the Filter model of processing, what happens to the information that is not being paid atention to?
It is eliminated at the filter.
In the Filter model of processing, where does the information in the filter, move on to?
The detector.
In the Filter model of processing, what does the detector do?
Processes information that it receives, determining meaning.
In the Filter model of processing, where does information move onto from the detector?
It is outputted to the short-term memory, which holds it for 10-15 seconds and then to the LTM.
In processing, what is an early selection model?
A model, where info is discriminated in the first process, e.g. the filter model, or the attenuated model of attentio.n
In Colin Cherry’s (1953) Dichotic study what aspect of the audio not paid attention to was able to be recalled by the hearer?
Whether the voice was male or female.
Neville Moray’s (1959) dichotic study tried what?
It tried to see if repeating the same word multiple times (35 times) on the ear not paid attention to, meant that the listener picked up the word
In 1959, Neville Moray tested whether in a Dichotic experiment, if a subject would hear a word on the side not being listened to if it was repeated 35 times, what was the result?
The subject still couldn’t shadow the one word.
what was the purpose Donald Broadbent created the filter model of processing for?
Based Upon findings of Colin Cherry (1953), and the cocktail-party effect, Donald Broadbent wanted to make a model explaining how it is possible to focus on one message and not the other.
What were the discoveries that led Anna Treisman to create the attenuated model of processing? (1964)
If all information unattended to is filtered out, we should not be conscious of the information.
However studies such as
- Neville Moray (1959) showed that if the participant’s name was given in the unattended ear, 1/3 of the participants picked it up.
- J.A Gray and A.I Wedderburn’s (1960) Aunt jane experiment, showed syntactically distinguishing crossed ears.
Showed that the information processing was fully capable of switching ears, going against the eliminatory filtering of Donald Broadbent’s filter theory.
In Neville Morray’s (1959) Dichotic study, how many people picked up their name if presented in the unattended ear?
1/3 of the pariticipants.
In J.A Gray’s and A.I Wedderburn’s (1960) Dear Aunt Jane experiment, what did they do?
They told participants of their Dichotic study, to shadow the left ear.
In order they presented:
Right ear; 9 aunt 6
Left ear; Dear 7 Jane.
In J.A Gray’s and A.I Wedderburn’s (1960) Dear Aunt Jane experiment, what was the result?
The subjects heard the sentence, Dear Aunt Jane. showing that the information from the right ear, Aunt, was not filtered out.
J.A Gray and A.I Wedderburn’s, (1960) Aunt Jane experiment, showed what?
The capability to conceptually process (top-down), for upon syntactical reasoning, from both ears, in relation to the meaning of the words.
J.A Gray’s and A.I Wedderburn’s (1960) Aunt Jane experiment, provided evidence against Broadbents, filter model of processing, how?
It showed that information from both ears weren’t stopped before they got to the point of meaning interpretation.
In J.A Gray’s and A.I Wedderburn’s (1960) Aunt Jane experiment, What stage of study were they at?
They were second-year psychology students. We can contribute to psychological study. :)
In Anne Treisman’s (1964) attenuated model of processing, how many stages does selection happen in?
2
In Anne Treisman’s (1964) attenuated model of processing, what are the stages that selection happens in?
1) attenuator
2) The Dictionary unit.
In Anne Treisman’s (1964) attenuated model of processing, what was the filter replaced by?
The attenuator.
In Anne Treisman’s (1964) attenuated model of processing, what characteristics do the stimuli get attenuated in relation to?
1) physical properties (Pitch, rapidity)
2) language, message grouped into syllables or words.
3) Meaning, how sequences of words create meaningful phrases.
If 2 messages presented by male or female voice, then pitch can separate the two. If the physical properties are similar 2) and 3) will be needed to seperate.
