Psych 231 Test 2 Flashcards
What are the four metaphors that are used for attention?
1) attention as a filter
2) attention as a spotlight
3) attention as a pool of resources
4) Attention as a glue.
What is covert attention?
Attending to something, without moving the eyes?
e.g you are in a room staring straight ahead, while listening intently on a conversation to the side of you.
What is overt attention?
Attending to something by moving the eyes.
If one is not goal directed, what directs overt attention?
Salience.
What type of process is non-goal directed overt attention?
Bottom up/Data driven.
If one is given a goal, what sort of process is overt processing?
Top-down/conceptually driven.
What is change blindness?
Change blindness is the finding that observers often fail to notice large changes to objects or scenes when the change coincides with a brief visual disruption, such as a blink, movement of the eyes etc.
What is change blindness impacted by?
The gist of a visual scene, if a sentence description stays the same, then one may be oblivious, blind to any changes. e.g. Car in a city street, but if the backdrop change is significant, such as changes to a farm from the street, then the difference will be noticable.
What is the cocktail party effect?
The ability to focus on one stimulus, while tuning out another.
What is a dichotic listening test?
A test where the subject wears headphones and different stimuli is presented to the left and right ear.
In a Dichotic test, what is shadowing?
Repeating what you hear.
Donald’s Broadbent’s, filter model of processing, has 4 stages what are they?
1) sensory processing
2) filter
3) The detector
4) The output
In the Filter model of processing, what does the sensory memory do?
It holds all incoming information for a fraction of a second. Then it transfers the information to the filter.
In the Filter model of processing, what does the filter do?
Identifies information given attention, based upon it’s physical properties. The info paid attention to is moved to the detector, the other information is eliminated.
In the Filter model of processing, what are the physical properties that the filter stage identifies information that is paid attention to?
Tone, Rapidity, accent, pitch. (T.R.A.P)
In the Filter model of processing, what happens to the information that is not being paid atention to?
It is eliminated at the filter.
In the Filter model of processing, where does the information in the filter, move on to?
The detector.
In the Filter model of processing, what does the detector do?
Processes information that it receives, determining meaning.
In the Filter model of processing, where does information move onto from the detector?
It is outputted to the short-term memory, which holds it for 10-15 seconds and then to the LTM.
In processing, what is an early selection model?
A model, where info is discriminated in the first process, e.g. the filter model, or the attenuated model of attentio.n
In Colin Cherry’s (1953) Dichotic study what aspect of the audio not paid attention to was able to be recalled by the hearer?
Whether the voice was male or female.
Neville Moray’s (1959) dichotic study tried what?
It tried to see if repeating the same word multiple times (35 times) on the ear not paid attention to, meant that the listener picked up the word
In 1959, Neville Moray tested whether in a Dichotic experiment, if a subject would hear a word on the side not being listened to if it was repeated 35 times, what was the result?
The subject still couldn’t shadow the one word.
what was the purpose Donald Broadbent created the filter model of processing for?
Based Upon findings of Colin Cherry (1953), and the cocktail-party effect, Donald Broadbent wanted to make a model explaining how it is possible to focus on one message and not the other.
