Psych 211 Midterm

Question 1

Descriptive Research

Answer 1

Research aimed at describing and documenting characteristics or behaviors without necessarily explaining why they occur.
Describes the behavior, thoughts, or
feelings of a particular group of individuals.

Question 2

Close Replication

Answer 2

Research which try to repeat the study as closely as possible without worrying about irrelevant variations from the original, may inadvertently differ in some way that affects the result

Question 3

Conceptual replications

Answer 3

Test the original hypothesis using a different procedure

Question 4

File-drawer problem

Answer 4

The fact that studies that fail to obtain positive results are rarely published and thus remain locked away in researchers’ file cabinets or computers

Question 5

Post Hoc

Answer 5

Statistical tests conducted after finding a significant result in order to determine which specific group differences are significant.

Question 6

Strategy of strong inference

Answer 6

Such studies are designed so that, depending on how the results turn out, the data will confirm one of the theories while disconfirming the other

Question 7

Aquiescence

Answer 7

Some people show a tendency to agree with statements regardless of the content

Question 8

Archival Research

Answer 8

researchers analyze data pulled from existing records, such as census data, court records, personal letters, health records, newspaper reports, magazine articles,
government documents, economic data, and so on.

Question 9

contrived observation

Answer 9

The observation of behavior in settings that are arranged specifically for observing and recording behavior.

Question 10

Partial concealment

Answer 10

researchers compromise by letting
participants know they are being observed while withholding information regarding precisely what aspects of the participants’ behavior are being recorded.

Question 11

Experience Sampling Methods

Answer 11

asks them to report what they are thinking, feeling, or doing right now. Although ESM is a self-report method, it does not require participants to remember details of past experiences, thereby reducing memory biases

Question 12

Participant Observation

Answer 12

In participant observation, the researcher engages
in the same activities as the people he or she is observing

Question 13

knowledgeable informants

Answer 13

people who know the participants well—
to observe and rate their behavior

Question 14

Unobtrusive measures

Answer 14

Unobtrusive measures involve
measures that can be taken without participants knowing that they are being studied

Question 15

Scale Data

Answer 15

Nominal
Labels, divided into groups

Ordinal
Ranked order

Interval
Even variability in data

Ratio
Scale with a true point of zero

Question 16

How to test without bias

Answer 16

test populations where you predict no difference
Eliminate groups specific knowledge
Produce different test norms for each population
Study non-WEIRD populations

Question 17

True Score

Answer 17

is the score that the participant would have obtained if our measure were perfect, and we were able to measure whatever we were measuring without error.

Question 18

Systematic variance

Answer 18

systematic variance supports the operationalizing of a variable/s. Data shows differences between groups.

Question 19

Variability

Answer 19

the degree to which scores in a set of data differ or vary from one another

Question 20

Total Variance

Answer 20

Total variance = systematic variance + error variance

Question 21

Variance

Answer 21

Variance: difference from mean squared, then divided by df (represented by the sign s2)

Question 22

The Scientific Approach

Answer 22

Systematic empiricism ​

Public verification ​

Solvable problems

Question 23

3 Goals of Behavioral Research

Answer 23

Describe, predict, explain

Question 24

Practical impossibility of disproof​

Answer 24

Failing to find research support for a hypothesis does not necessarily mean that the theory is incorrect

Question 25

Logical impossibility of proof

Answer 25

Confirming a hypothesis does not logically indicate that the theory from which the hypothesis is derived is correct

Question 26

Split-half reliability

Answer 26

A measure of internal consistency reliability obtained by splitting a measure into two halves and comparing the scores on each half.​

Type of interitem reliability ​

Question 27

Kinds of latency

Answer 27

The time delay between the presentation of a stimulus and the initiation of a response.

Kinds of latency
Reaction time
Total task completion time
Inter-behavior latency
Behavior duration

Question 28

Type II error

Answer 28

Type II error—of failing to
detect an effect that was actually present (or failing to reject
the null hypothesis when it was false).

Question 29

Test Bias

Answer 29

The extent to which a test systematically underestimates or overestimates the true abilities or characteristics of certain groups of individuals.