PSYCH 210 FINAL Flashcards
Behaviourism
School concerned with observable behaviour defined in objective terms
Jacques Loeb
Developed theory of animal behaviour based on concept of tropism
Tropism
Forced movement toward source of stimulation
Willard Small
First to use rat maze as method for studying learning
Margaret Washburn
Wrote first book on comparitive psychology in America called The Animal Mind
Clever Hans
Horse whose amazing intellectual feats were due to unconcious cuning by owners
Connectionism
Theory of learning that focuses on associations between situations and responses; proposed by Edward Thorndike
Law of Effect
Response is more likley in situation because response produced satisfaction; Proposed by Edward Thorndike
Law of exerise
Use of response in situation strengthens bond between responses and situation; Proposed by Edward Thorndike
Ivan Pavlov
Discovered conditioned reflex; advocated objective approach to psychological phenomena
Conditioned Reflex
Stimulus elicits response dependent on its relationtion to another stimulus
Unconditioned Reflex
Stimulus elicits response indepent of its relation to another stimulus
Vladimir Bekhterev
Conducted pioneering research on motor reflexes; advocated objective approach to psychological phenomena
John Watson
Founder of behaviourim
Little Albert
Infant taught by John Watson to fear white rat
Mary Cover Jones
First to conduct behaviour therapy; eliminated fears of boy named Peter
Behaviour Therapy
Application of learning principles to change maladaptive behaviour
Karl Lashley
Early behavioist at odds with Watson; challanged claim that reflex arc is basic unit of behaviour
Law of mass action
Learning efficiency is a function of mass of cortex; proposed by Karl Lashley
Equipotentiality
All pats of cortex contibute equally to learning; Proposed by Karl Lashley
William Mcdougall
Persistent Critic of John Watson; Formulated instinct theory of behaviour
Neobehaviourism
Schools of behvaiourism after John Watson; Common denominator is operationism
Operationism
Doctrine that all theoretical terms in science should be operationally defined; Promoted by physicist Percy Bridgman
Operational Definition
The equating of the meaning of theoritcal term with the procedure used to measure it
Edward Tolman
Founder of purposive behaviourism
Purposive behaviourism
System that focuses on goal-directed nature of behaviour; forerunner to cognitive psychology
Intervening variable
Operationally defined theoretical term useful in explaining behaviour; introduced into behaviourism by Edward Tolman
Cognitive Map
Mental representation of set of relations that guides behaviour; Proposed by Edward Tolman
Clark Hull
Dominated American Psychology from the 1940s to the 1960s; Proposed complex learning theory based on hypothetico-deductive method
Reinforcement (Hull)
Strength of associations between stimulus and response increases when occurence is followed by drive reduction
Habit Strength
Strength of association between stimulus and response; intervening variable proposed by Clark Hull
B.F Skinner
Uncontested champion of behaviouism from 1950s-1980s; Advocated a functional analysis
Functional Analysis
Study of systamtic relatiions betwen envirnmental events and behavioural events
Operant conditioning
Frequency of behaviour changes when it produces a consequence; studied by BF skinner
Reinforcment (Skinner)
Frequency of behaviour increases when it produces a consequence
Reinforement Schedule
Specification of how a reincorcing event is depenent on a behaviour; studied by BF Skinner
Walden Two
Famous novel written by BF Skinner describing utopian society based on application of behavioural principles
Gesalt Psychology
School based on belief that whole is different than sum of its parts
Phi Phenomenon
Illusion of movement created by presneting visual stimuli in rapid succession; Studied by Max Wertheimer
Max Werthereimer
Co-founder of Gestalt Psychology; wrote seminal paper about phi phenomenon marking start of school
Kurt Koffka
Co-founder of Gesalt Psychology; wrote paper leading to misconception in America that school was about perception only
Wolfgang Kohler
Co-founder of Gesalt Psychology; famous for research on insightful learning in chimpanzees
Perceptual Constancy
Perception of whole remains intact despite fluctuating sensory information from it; key concept in Gestalt Psych
Insightful Learning
Sudden ability to solve problem after perceving relations among its parts; studied by Wolfgang Kohle
Isomorphism
Concious experience is like a map of the underlying brain experince; key concept in Gestalt Psychology
Psychoanalysis
School that emphasizes unconcious motivation; subject matter is psychopathology; primary method is clinical observation
Franz Mesmer
His use of megnetic therapy inducyed trances in patience
Martin Charcot and Pierre Janet
Their pioneering treatment of hysteria with hypnosis shiftef psychatry from physical to mental viewpoint
Catharsis
Concious expression of repressed ideas brings emotional release
Sigmund Freud
Founder of psychoanalysis
Josef Breuer
His case report on Anna O played critical role in development of psychoanalysis
Transference
Patience developed feeling for therapist simmilar to feelings of signifigant other; first reported by Josef Bruer
Free association
Psychotheraputic technique which patient says whatever comes to mind; developed by Sigmund Freud
Seduction theory
Cause of all neuroses is sexal abuse during childhoodl proposed and later discaded by Sigmund Frued
Repression
Unacceptable ideas are forced from concious level and left to operate at unconcious level; key concept in psychanalysis
Libido
Collective psychic energy associated with life instinct; proposed by sigmund freud
ID
Instintual ascpect of personality operating at unconcious level; proposed by Sigmund Freud
Ego
Rational aspect of personality resposible for controlling ID; proposed by Sigmund Freud
Superego
Moral aspect of personality derieved from internalizing values of others; Proposed by Sigmund Freud
Defense mechanism
Ways that ego alters reality at unconcious level to reduce anxiety; proposed by Sigmund Freud
Oedipus complex
Boys unconciously desire to sexually possess mother and destroy father; proposed by Sigmund Freud
Anna Freud
Psychoanalysts who developed ego psychology; pioneer in child analysis
Ego Psychology
School that expanded psychoanalysis to accept independence of ego from ID
Carl Jung
Founde of analytical psychology
Analytical Psychology
School descended from psychoanalysis; emphasizes colective unconcious and self actualization
Personal Unconcious
Reservoir of material at surface level of conciousness that can easily be recalled; Proposed by Carl Jung
Collective Unconcious
Resevoir of material at deepest level of unconcious that contains archetypes; Proposed by Carl Jung
Archetypes
Emotional Responses to significant life events that are inherited and reside in collective unconcious; Proposed by Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Founder of individual psychology
Individual Psychology
School descended from psychoanalysis; emphasizes how compensatory mehcanisms affect personal growth
Social Intrest
Concern for other and society; Alfred Alder belives essential for healthy personality
Inferiority Complex
Pathological conditon resulting from inability to compensate for feelings of inferiority; proposed by Alfred Alder
Karen Horney
Psychoanalyst who stressed cultural factors as determiants personality
Basic Anxiety
Feelings of despair caused by parent frustrating basic needs of child; proposed by Karen Horney
Humanistic Psychology
School concerned with uniqueness and basic goodness of humans; started in 1960s
Abaham Maslow
Spiritual father of humanistic psychology
Self Actualization
Realization of ones full potential; key concept in humanistic psychology
Carl Rogers
Humanistic Psychologist who devloped person-centered psychotherapy
Uncondtional positive regard
Mother gives love to child without preconditions; Carl Rogers claims essential to healthy personality
