Psych 206 Unit 1

Question 1

Child Development

Answer 1

Tries to understand processes that govern appearance, growth of children’s function to adapt in life.

Question 2

Physical Development

Answer 2

Growth in size, muscle, strength

Question 3

Cognitive Development

Answer 3

Changes in perception, thinking, remembering communicating.

Question 4

Socioemotional Development

Answer 4

Changes in interaction/managing emotions.

Question 5

Why do researchers study child development?

Answer 5

To gain insight into human nature.

Question 6

Nature and Nurture

Answer 6

Nature-Biological environment forces, is hereditary. Nurture-Environment influences.

Question 7

Neuroscience

Answer 7

Study of structure,function of brain and nervous system.

Question 8

Diversity and Muticulturalism

Answer 8

Investigating how cultural values impact society.

Question 9

Positive Development and Resilience

Answer 9

Increasing research in positive psychology.

Question 10

Mathematical Calculation

Answer 10

Determine relationships between traits.

Question 11

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 11

Mathematical number between +1.00 and -1.00

Question 12

Research Groups(Experimental and Control Group)

Answer 12

Experimental-Group that receives treatment.

Control Group- Group that does not receive treatment.

Question 13

Social Policy

Answer 13

Officials at local, state, federal levels use knowledge.

Question 14

Education Psychology

Answer 14

Educators use knowledge about children learning potential.

Question 15

Theory

Answer 15

An explanation of how facts fit together.

Question 16

Psychosexual Theory of Development(Freud)

Answer 16

Oral-Sucking
Anal- Control and elimination of waste
Phallic- Parent-child conflict over masturbation.
Latency- Sexual feelings
Genital- Intercourse

Question 17

Sigmund Freud (Egos)

Answer 17

ID-Sexual and aggressive instincts
Ego- Rational thought
Superego- Ethics, moral, conscience

Question 18

Erik Erikson (Psycho-social Theory)

Answer 18

1-Basic Trust V. Basic Mistrust- Seeks consistent, predictable, reliable care.
2-Autonomy V. Shame/Doubt- Not only gaining sense of pleasure via anal sphincter.
3-Initiative V. Guilt- Physical and Intellectual growth.
4-Industry V. Inferiority- Sense of mastery of method and technique.
5- Identity V. Inferiority- Puberty and Experimentation.

Question 19

Classical Conditioning(Pavlov)

Answer 19

Learning through association where neutral stimuli are paired with unconditioned stimuli to evoke conditioned responses.

Question 20

Operant Conditioning(B.F. Skinner)

Answer 20

A type of learning where a person’s actions are reinforced or punished.

Question 21

Albert Bandura

Answer 21

Social Learning- Learn by observing and imitating others.

Social Cognition- How children think about actions are observed.

Question 22

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 22

Sociocultural Theory- Children’s thinking influence by language and culture.

Question 23

Zone of Proximal Development

Answer 23

Range of tasks child can perform with help.

Question 24

Scaffolding

Answer 24

Provide problem solving methods until performed independently.

Question 25

Cognitive Theories

Answer 25

Focuses on how understanding is adjusted as world is explored.

Question 26

Cognitive Perspective

Answer 26

Focuses on children's mental processes. How children perceive, mentally represent world.

Question 27

Cognitive Developmental Theory (Piaget)

Answer 27

How children adjust to the world.

Question 28

Ethology

Answer 28

Concern with instinctive behavior patterns.

Question 29

Ecological Perspective

Answer 29

Interactions with children in which they live.

Question 30

Assimilation

Answer 30

Bringing new info into existing schemes.

Question 31

Accomodation

Answer 31

Cognitive growth as defined by modifying existing schemes.

Question 32

Behaviorism(Watson)

Answer 32

Tried to make psychology a natural science.

Question 33

Physical Development

Answer 33

Grows in size,muscles become coordinated.

Question 34

Behavior Genetics

Answer 34

When researchers study the relative roles of nature v.nurture.

Question 35

Hypothesis

Answer 35

Form theories to collect observations.

Question 36

Sociocultural Theory

Answer 36

Theory that focuses on how language and culture influence children.

Question 37

Information Processing Approach

Answer 37

Focuses on how children perceive information.

Question 38

Descriptive Methods

Answer 38

Attempt to describe something about a behavior and the conditions that occur.

Question 39

Scientific Methods

Answer 39

Researchers collect data by making systematic observations.

Question 40

Correlation Method

Answer 40

Two or more variables are associated.

Question 41

Cross-Sectional Method

Answer 41

Compare children of different ages.

Question 42

Longitudal Method

Answer 42

Studies the same children over time.

Question 43

Experiment

Answer 43

Manipulate an independent variable to determine differences in dependent variables.

Question 44

Positive Psychology

Answer 44

New emphasis on psychology focuses on happiness and positive development.

Question 45

Psychoanalytic Theories

Answer 45

Focuses on personality/conscious v.unconscious

Question 46

Resilient Child

Answer 46

Children who arise to success in positive way.

Question 47

Dynamic Systems Theories

Answer 47

Theories that use models from math and physics to understand development.

Question 48

Ecological Systems Theory

Answer 48

Interacting social layers that effect children's development.

Question 49

Ethology

Answer 49

Area of studying that focuses on adaptive significance or survival value of behaviors.

Question 50

Punishment

Answer 50

In operant conditioning, punishment is any change in a human or animal's surroundings that occurs after a given behavior which will stop from occuring again.

Question 51

Reinforcement

Answer 51

Reinforcement is a term used in operant conditioning to refer to anything that increases the likelihood that a response will occur. Increase in responses.

Question 52

Culture

Answer 52

The set of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people,

Question 53

Self Report

Answer 53

Any test, measure, or survey that relies on the individual's own report of their symptoms, behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes

Question 54

Random Assignment

Answer 54

The same opportunity to be assigned to any given group.

Question 55

Case Study

Answer 55

Descriptive research approach to obtain an in-depth analysis of a person, group.

Question 56

Constructivism (Piaget)

Answer 56

Argues that people produce knowledge and form meaning based upon their experiences.