psych 1xx3 Flashcards
name: parts of hindbrain + their func.
- reticular formation: sleep, motivation + arousal, balance + posture
- cerebellum: fine motor
- medulla: digestion, heart rate, breathing, autonomic reflexes (sneezing)
- pons: movement, auditory perception, emo. proc.
name: parts of midbrain + their func.
- tectum
- superior colliculi = vision
- inferior colliculi = auditory - tegmentum
- red nuclei = motor
- substantia nigra = reward based behavior
name: parts of the forebrain + their func.
- limbic system
- pituitary
⤷ anterior = sig. from hypo. + stim. hormones
⤷ posterior = extension of hypo. + vasopressin and oxytocin
- hypothalamus = stress resp., E metabolism, hormonal control (4 Fs)
- amygdala = emo. *fear)
- thalamus = cortex relay station
- hippocampus = mem. (short term convert to LTM)
- cerebral cortex
- frontal = motor, high order thinking
- posterior = sensorimotor
- temporal = audition
- occipital = vision
question: which neuroimaging techniques are structural vs functional?
- functional: PET, fMRI, EEG
- structural: CT, MRI
question: direct fitness vs indirect fitness?
- direct = fitness from personal reproduction
- indirect = benefits reaped by relatives passing on their genes
**inclusive = direct + indirect
name + explain: hamilton’s rule
rB > c
- relatedness * benefit to recipient > cost to actor
- shows when altruism is favoured
question: direct vs indirect reciprocity?
- direct = both benefit
- indirect = establish good rep. for yourself, overall better help from neighbors (cooperation?)
question: as rest, what is on the outside and inside of the cell (neuron)?
- inside = K+, proteins -
- outside = Na+, Cl-
question: what channels are open/closed during the depolarization in action potential (steep part going up)?
- open = K+ leak, Na+,
- closed = K+ voltage gated
- Na+ move in making cell more +ive
question: what channels are open/closed during the peak in action potential?
- open = K+ leak, K+ voltage gated
- closed = Na+
- K+ flows out of cell (triggers repolarization)
question: what channels are open/closed during the repolarization in action potential (steep part going down)?
- open = K+ leak. k+ voltage gated
- closed = Na+
- overshoots resting position (goes more -ive)
- hyperpolarization (overshoot) bc K+ voltage gated close slowly
explain: mvt. of ions through sodium potassium pump
- 3Na+ out
- 2K+ in
- maintains ion balance
question: diff. between pre- and post- synaptic neuron?
- pre = neurotransmitters in vesicles
- post = receptors
- neurotransmitters bind to receptors
- sig. transmit through action potentials
explain: broca’s and wernicke
- if Broca is broken, nothing is spoken; if understanding is tricky, there’s damage to Wernicke
- Broca’s damage = expressive aphasia, broken words (speech production)
- Wernicke’s damage = receptive aphasia, words don’t make sense (speech comprehension)
explain: EPSP
- Na+ open
- depolarizes cell
- from -70 towards -50
question: temporal summation vs spatial summation
- temporal = high freq. of EPSP by 1 neuron
- spatial = simultaneous EPSP from many neurons
explain: IPSP
- Cl- open
- hyperpolarize cell
- prevents too many EPSP
- resting drops lower than -70
name: steps for neurogenesis
- 18 days: neural plate
- 21 days = plate folds into tube
- 28 = tube fully closes, becomes central nervous system
name: steps of neural development
- neurogenesis
- migration
- differentiation
- maturation
explain: migration (neural dev.)
- inside neural tube = ventricular zone
- founder cells in ventricular zone
- 28 - 42 = divide sym. (1 founder = 2 founders)
- 42 - 125 = divide asym. (1 founder = 1 founder + 1 glial or neuron)
- neuron before glial unless radial glial
name: func. of radial glial cells
- provide scaffolding for neurons to migrate away from ventricular zone
- help neurons move to brain’s surface
explain: differentiation (neural dev.)
- genetic (pre-wired)
envrt. (surrounding cells, external envrt.)
explain: maturation (neural dev.)
- too many neurons
- prune away the neurons that fail to connect
define: brain axis terminology
- rostral = top
- caudal = bottom
- dorsal = back
- ventral = front
- lateral = sides
- medial = middle
name: properties of light + affect on light
- amp. = brightness
- wavelength = colour
- purity = saturation
name: func. of lens
- accommodates for distance
- close = rounder
- far = elongated
- curvature makes image upside down and reverse on retina (still right side up)
name: struc. of photoreceptive layer
- inside to out
- ganglion
- bipolar
- photoreceptor layer (need nutrients from retinal pigment epithelium to live)
question: diff. between rods and cones?
- cones = 6 million
⤷ day time
⤷ good conc. to fovea - rods = 125 million
⤷ night time
⤷ no colour + poor acuity
⤷ conc. in periphery
name: func. of ganglion cells
- axons converge on optic disc
- blind spot on optic nerve where no photorecep. bc axons converge
⤷ optic disc
name + define: pathways in extra striate cortex
- dorsal pathway = where
⤷ depth + motion
⤷ pareital - ventral pathway = what
⤷ colour + form
⤷ temporal
name: stages of eye evol.
- light sensitive patches
⤷ presence/absence of light - curved cup eye
⤷ direction of light - pinhole eye
⤷ allows changing amount of light - crude lens
⤷ lens and cornea
⤷ less acuity - adjustable lens
⤷ allows accommodation
question: diff. between simple and complex eyes?
- simple = crude and accommodating lenses
- complex = good for closed distance
name: func. of eye size and location
- bigger = better sensitivity and acuity
⤷ often tradeoff - front-facing = sacrifice full field for depth perception
⤷ predators - lateral = sacrifice depth for field of view
⤷ prey
explain: vision in patient tn
- lesion destroyed left hemi-
- became functionally blind
⤷ emotional blindsight = still reacted to threatening faces
⤷ action blindsight = maintained some hand-eye coordination
name + define: gestalt principles
- figure ground: distinguishing object vs bg
- proximity: close spatially tend to belong together
- closure: fill in gaps to see whole object
- similarity: group elements that are physically sim.
- continuity: simple continuous forms > awkward shapes
- common fate: changing in same way -> group together
explain: geon theory
- 36 geons in mem.
- all obj. recog. w/ shapes
- critique:
⤷ hard w/ complex obj,.
⤷ doesn’t explain recog. after injuries
explain: template theory
- store templates in mem.
- no matching temp. = make a new one
- needs exact match
- critique:
⤷ too many diff. stim.
⤷ solution: prototype theory (internal “best”)
define: bottom up vs top down
- BU: guided by feat. to stim.
- TD: guided by own beliefs
name + define: perceptual constancies
- shape: const. shape despite changing w/ POV
- location: stationary despite changing location on retina
- size: same size despite size on retina changing w/ distance
- brightness: same brightness despite more/less light on retina
- colour: same colour despite diff. illuminations
explain: muller lyer illu.
- two lines same length despite v’s/arrows on ends facin g diff. ways
- misapplies size const.
- misinterprets depth
explain: ames room
- trapezoid room perceived as rectangle
- manipulates dist. to trick size const.
explain: ponzo illusion
- two lines same length despite diagonals on each side
- manipulates depth to trick size const.
name + define: genotype/envrt. correlations
- passive
⤷ parents choose envrt.
⤷ influences child’s genes - evocative
⤷ inherited traits affect how others react to you - active
⤷ geno. influences types of envrt. we seek
question: when is each genotype/envrt. correlation most influential?
- passive = early
- evocative = all
- active = late
question: canalization vs range of reaction
- canalization = geno. restricts pheno. based on sp.
- range of reaction = geno. establishes range of possible phenos.
⤷ dep. on envrt.
name + define: feature detectors
- simple cell: bar of certain orientation in specific region of retina
- complex cell: bar of certain orientation no matter location, and specific direction of mvt.
- hypercomplex cell: bar of certain orientation, direction of mvt., and ending at specific pts in field
explain: timeline of infant dev. of recognition
- 2 mths: only like complex if they can perceive it
- 3 mths: guided by closure (gestalt)
- 4 mths: percep. constancy
- 5 mths: overlapping colour and texture
explain: face recognition in infants (timeline)
- 4 hrs: prefer faces
- 2 mths: prefer attractive face
- 5 mths: detect facial emo.
question: diff. between object agnosia and prosopagnosia?
- object agnosia = unable to percieve objects
- prosopagnosia = inability to recog. faces (right fusiform gyrus)
define: pareidoilia
- interpret vague stim. as smth familiar
- ex. finding faces in stuff
name: properties of sound + affect on sound
- amp.: loudness
- wavelength: pitch
- purity: timbre
explain: auditory pathway
- pinna collect sound
- ear canal funnels sound into ear
- tympanic mem. vib. (eardrum)
- ossicles amp. vib.
- oval window moves fluid in cochlea
- round window bulges
- basilar mem. vib.
- organ of corti stimulated
- hair cells displaced
- generates E current
explain: mvt. of oval window, basilar mem., round window
- oval window in, basilar mem. down, round window out
(vv)
question: diff. between inner and outer hair cells (ear)
- outer
⤷ more numerous
⤷ less links to brain
⤷ amp. sound
⤷ unmyelinated - inner
⤷ less numerous
⤷ more links to brain
⤷ sends pitch info.
⤷ myelinated axons
question: which molecules/hormones are high and low after eating?
- high = CCK, insulin, glucose
- low = NPY
question: which molecules/hormones are high and low before eating?
- high = NPY
- low = CCK, insulin, glucose
explain: func. of each hunger hormone/molecule
- glucose
⤷ stored as glycogen in muscles and liver
⤷ E source
⤷ low blood gluc. -> hungry - NPY
⤷ appetite stim.
⤷ hypothalamus - CCK
⤷ satiety stim.
⤷ small intestine
⤷ short-term satiety - insulin
⤷ synthesis of glycogen and glucose
⤷ in pancreas - leptin
⤷ reduces appetite
⤷ indicates low E stores
⤷ controlled by OB gene
⤷ inhibits NPY
⤷ in adipose
name: tastes + types of food
- sweet = E rich
- salty = electrolytes
- umami = AA (glutamate and aspartate)
- bitter + sour = harmful
explain: pathway of taste
- gustatory cortex acts as connection
- orbital = taste and smell = flavour
- primary somatosensory = feel and texture
explain: smell proc. in brain
- odourants bind to olfactory recep.
- recep. cells send elec. sig.
- sig. relayed by glomeruli
- sig. transmitted to higher regions of brain
name + define: approaches to personality
- psychoanalytical
⤷ controversial + still unmeasurable and unquantifiable
⤷ focus on unconcious mind + mental strat. to relieve thoughts - behavioural
⤷ internal = unmeasurable
⤷ focus on outside bc observable
⤷ personality dev. w/ learning and exp. - cognitive
⤷ reward and modelling
⤷ learning from others’ behaviour - trait
⤷ charac. = same but varies between ppl - biological
⤷ hormones and neurotransmitters
name + define: parts of the mind (psychoanalytical)
- id
⤷ want
⤷ unconcious
⤷ focused on pleasure
⤷ no sense of right/wrong
⤷ present from birth - superego
⤷ should do
⤷ unconcious (small part is concious)
⤷ morality + conscience
⤷ dev. at age 4 - ego
⤷ what you acc. do
⤷ concious
⤷ balances id and superego
⤷ pleasure over longterm
name + define: defense mechanisms
- denial
⤷ rejecting facts of sit. - repression
⤷ prevents info. from being consciously processed - projection
⤷ labels others as having your own unconscious views - rationalization
⤷ using logic to justify beha. - sublimation
⤷ finding acceptable outlets for unacceptable impulses
name + define: OCEAN
- openness: lvl of creativity and adventure
- conscientiousness: thoughtfulness and diligence
- extroversion: sociability and assertiveness
- agreeableness: compassion and likeability
- neuroticism: lvl of emo. stability
name + explain: brain regions + neurotransmitters involved in biological personality
- amygdala: anxiety and fear
- frontal lobe: lateralization -> neuroticism (right side) and stability (left side)
- seratonin: cog. stability (neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness)
- dopamine: plasticity and cog. flexibility (extroversion, openness)
name + define: 4 Ds
- deviance: atypical thoughts (higher or below avg.)
- distress: -ive feelings
⤷ no -ive feelings does not guarantee normal (ex. bipolar) - dysfunction
⤷ interrupts daily tasks - danger
⤷ to oneself or others
name: +ive and -ive symptoms of schizophrenia
+ive
- hallucinations (not really there)
- delusions (irrational belief)
- disorganized thinking
- disorganized motor beha. (catatonic stupor and excitement)
-ive
- alogia (reduced speech)
- blunt affect (little emo. resp.)
- anhedonia (no pleasure)
- asociality (inability to engage in soc. interac.)
- avolition (lack motivation)
