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psych 1xx3 Flashcards

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1
Q

name: parts of hindbrain + their func.

A
  1. reticular formation: sleep, motivation + arousal, balance + posture
  2. cerebellum: fine motor
  3. medulla: digestion, heart rate, breathing, autonomic reflexes (sneezing)
  4. pons: movement, auditory perception, emo. proc.
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2
Q

name: parts of midbrain + their func.

A
  1. tectum
    - superior colliculi = vision
    - inferior colliculi = auditory
  2. tegmentum
    - red nuclei = motor
    - substantia nigra = reward based behavior
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3
Q

name: parts of the forebrain + their func.

A
  1. limbic system
    - pituitary
    ⤷ anterior = sig. from hypo. + stim. hormones
    ⤷ posterior = extension of hypo. + vasopressin and oxytocin
  • hypothalamus = stress resp., E metabolism, hormonal control (4 Fs)
  • amygdala = emo. *fear)
  • thalamus = cortex relay station
  • hippocampus = mem. (short term convert to LTM)
  1. cerebral cortex
    - frontal = motor, high order thinking
    - posterior = sensorimotor
    - temporal = audition
    - occipital = vision
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4
Q

question: which neuroimaging techniques are structural vs functional?

A
  • functional: PET, fMRI, EEG
  • structural: CT, MRI
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5
Q

question: direct fitness vs indirect fitness?

A
  • direct = fitness from personal reproduction
  • indirect = benefits reaped by relatives passing on their genes

**inclusive = direct + indirect

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6
Q

name + explain: hamilton’s rule

A

rB > c

  • relatedness * benefit to recipient > cost to actor
  • shows when altruism is favoured
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7
Q

question: direct vs indirect reciprocity?

A
  • direct = both benefit
  • indirect = establish good rep. for yourself, overall better help from neighbors (cooperation?)
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8
Q

question: as rest, what is on the outside and inside of the cell (neuron)?

A
  • inside = K+, proteins -
  • outside = Na+, Cl-
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9
Q

question: what channels are open/closed during the depolarization in action potential (steep part going up)?

A
  • open = K+ leak, Na+,
  • closed = K+ voltage gated
  • Na+ move in making cell more +ive
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10
Q

question: what channels are open/closed during the peak in action potential?

A
  • open = K+ leak, K+ voltage gated
  • closed = Na+
  • K+ flows out of cell (triggers repolarization)
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11
Q

question: what channels are open/closed during the repolarization in action potential (steep part going down)?

A
  • open = K+ leak. k+ voltage gated
  • closed = Na+
  • overshoots resting position (goes more -ive)
  • hyperpolarization (overshoot) bc K+ voltage gated close slowly
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12
Q

explain: mvt. of ions through sodium potassium pump

A
  • 3Na+ out
  • 2K+ in
  • maintains ion balance
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13
Q

question: diff. between pre- and post- synaptic neuron?

A
  • pre = neurotransmitters in vesicles
  • post = receptors
  • neurotransmitters bind to receptors
  • sig. transmit through action potentials
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14
Q

explain: broca’s and wernicke

A
  • if Broca is broken, nothing is spoken; if understanding is tricky, there’s damage to Wernicke
  • Broca’s damage = expressive aphasia, broken words (speech production)
  • Wernicke’s damage = receptive aphasia, words don’t make sense (speech comprehension)
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15
Q

explain: EPSP

A
  • Na+ open
  • depolarizes cell
  • from -70 towards -50
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16
Q

question: temporal summation vs spatial summation

A
  • temporal = high freq. of EPSP by 1 neuron
  • spatial = simultaneous EPSP from many neurons
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17
Q

explain: IPSP

A
  • Cl- open
  • hyperpolarize cell
  • prevents too many EPSP
  • resting drops lower than -70
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18
Q

name: steps for neurogenesis

A
  • 18 days: neural plate
  • 21 days = plate folds into tube
  • 28 = tube fully closes, becomes central nervous system
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19
Q

name: steps of neural development

A
  1. neurogenesis
  2. migration
  3. differentiation
  4. maturation
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20
Q

explain: migration (neural dev.)

A
  • inside neural tube = ventricular zone
  • founder cells in ventricular zone
  • 28 - 42 = divide sym. (1 founder = 2 founders)
  • 42 - 125 = divide asym. (1 founder = 1 founder + 1 glial or neuron)
  • neuron before glial unless radial glial
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21
Q

name: func. of radial glial cells

A
  • provide scaffolding for neurons to migrate away from ventricular zone
  • help neurons move to brain’s surface
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22
Q

explain: differentiation (neural dev.)

A
  • genetic (pre-wired)
    envrt. (surrounding cells, external envrt.)
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23
Q

explain: maturation (neural dev.)

A
  • too many neurons
  • prune away the neurons that fail to connect
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24
Q

define: brain axis terminology

A
  • rostral = top
  • caudal = bottom
  • dorsal = back
  • ventral = front
  • lateral = sides
  • medial = middle
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25
Q

name: properties of light + affect on light

A
  • amp. = brightness
  • wavelength = colour
  • purity = saturation
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26
Q

name: func. of lens

A
  • accommodates for distance
  • close = rounder
  • far = elongated
  • curvature makes image upside down and reverse on retina (still right side up)
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27
Q

name: struc. of photoreceptive layer

A
  • inside to out
  • ganglion
  • bipolar
  • photoreceptor layer (need nutrients from retinal pigment epithelium to live)
28
Q

question: diff. between rods and cones?

A
  • cones = 6 million
    ⤷ day time
    ⤷ good conc. to fovea
  • rods = 125 million
    ⤷ night time
    ⤷ no colour + poor acuity
    ⤷ conc. in periphery
29
Q

name: func. of ganglion cells

A
  • axons converge on optic disc
  • blind spot on optic nerve where no photorecep. bc axons converge
    ⤷ optic disc
30
Q

name + define: pathways in extra striate cortex

A
  • dorsal pathway = where
    ⤷ depth + motion
    ⤷ pareital
  • ventral pathway = what
    ⤷ colour + form
    ⤷ temporal
31
Q

name: stages of eye evol.

A
  1. light sensitive patches
    ⤷ presence/absence of light
  2. curved cup eye
    ⤷ direction of light
  3. pinhole eye
    ⤷ allows changing amount of light
  4. crude lens
    ⤷ lens and cornea
    ⤷ less acuity
  5. adjustable lens
    ⤷ allows accommodation
32
Q

question: diff. between simple and complex eyes?

A
  • simple = crude and accommodating lenses
  • complex = good for closed distance
33
Q

name: func. of eye size and location

A
  • bigger = better sensitivity and acuity
    ⤷ often tradeoff
  • front-facing = sacrifice full field for depth perception
    ⤷ predators
  • lateral = sacrifice depth for field of view
    ⤷ prey
34
Q

explain: vision in patient tn

A
  • lesion destroyed left hemi-
  • became functionally blind
    ⤷ emotional blindsight = still reacted to threatening faces
    ⤷ action blindsight = maintained some hand-eye coordination
34
Q

name + define: gestalt principles

A
  1. figure ground: distinguishing object vs bg
  2. proximity: close spatially tend to belong together
  3. closure: fill in gaps to see whole object
  4. similarity: group elements that are physically sim.
  5. continuity: simple continuous forms > awkward shapes
  6. common fate: changing in same way -> group together
34
Q

explain: geon theory

A
  • 36 geons in mem.
  • all obj. recog. w/ shapes
  • critique:
    ⤷ hard w/ complex obj,.
    ⤷ doesn’t explain recog. after injuries
34
Q

explain: template theory

A
  • store templates in mem.
  • no matching temp. = make a new one
  • needs exact match
  • critique:
    ⤷ too many diff. stim.
    ⤷ solution: prototype theory (internal “best”)
34
Q

define: bottom up vs top down

A
  • BU: guided by feat. to stim.
  • TD: guided by own beliefs
35
Q

name + define: perceptual constancies

A
  1. shape: const. shape despite changing w/ POV
  2. location: stationary despite changing location on retina
  3. size: same size despite size on retina changing w/ distance
  4. brightness: same brightness despite more/less light on retina
  5. colour: same colour despite diff. illuminations
36
Q

explain: muller lyer illu.

A
  • two lines same length despite v’s/arrows on ends facin g diff. ways
  • misapplies size const.
  • misinterprets depth
37
Q

explain: ames room

A
  • trapezoid room perceived as rectangle
  • manipulates dist. to trick size const.
38
Q

explain: ponzo illusion

A
  • two lines same length despite diagonals on each side
  • manipulates depth to trick size const.
39
Q

name + define: genotype/envrt. correlations

A
  1. passive
    ⤷ parents choose envrt.
    ⤷ influences child’s genes
  2. evocative
    ⤷ inherited traits affect how others react to you
  3. active
    ⤷ geno. influences types of envrt. we seek
40
Q

question: when is each genotype/envrt. correlation most influential?

A
  • passive = early
  • evocative = all
  • active = late
41
Q

question: canalization vs range of reaction

A
  • canalization = geno. restricts pheno. based on sp.
  • range of reaction = geno. establishes range of possible phenos.
    ⤷ dep. on envrt.
42
Q

name + define: feature detectors

A
  1. simple cell: bar of certain orientation in specific region of retina
  2. complex cell: bar of certain orientation no matter location, and specific direction of mvt.
  3. hypercomplex cell: bar of certain orientation, direction of mvt., and ending at specific pts in field
43
Q

explain: timeline of infant dev. of recognition

A
  • 2 mths: only like complex if they can perceive it
  • 3 mths: guided by closure (gestalt)
  • 4 mths: percep. constancy
  • 5 mths: overlapping colour and texture
44
Q

explain: face recognition in infants (timeline)

A
  • 4 hrs: prefer faces
  • 2 mths: prefer attractive face
  • 5 mths: detect facial emo.
45
Q

question: diff. between object agnosia and prosopagnosia?

A
  • object agnosia = unable to percieve objects
  • prosopagnosia = inability to recog. faces (right fusiform gyrus)
46
Q

define: pareidoilia

A
  • interpret vague stim. as smth familiar
  • ex. finding faces in stuff
47
Q

name: properties of sound + affect on sound

A
  • amp.: loudness
  • wavelength: pitch
  • purity: timbre
48
Q

explain: auditory pathway

A
  1. pinna collect sound
  2. ear canal funnels sound into ear
  3. tympanic mem. vib. (eardrum)
  4. ossicles amp. vib.
  5. oval window moves fluid in cochlea
  6. round window bulges
  7. basilar mem. vib.
  8. organ of corti stimulated
  9. hair cells displaced
  10. generates E current
49
Q

explain: mvt. of oval window, basilar mem., round window

A
  • oval window in, basilar mem. down, round window out
    (vv)
50
Q

question: diff. between inner and outer hair cells (ear)

A
  • outer
    ⤷ more numerous
    ⤷ less links to brain
    ⤷ amp. sound
    ⤷ unmyelinated
  • inner
    ⤷ less numerous
    ⤷ more links to brain
    ⤷ sends pitch info.
    ⤷ myelinated axons
51
Q

question: which molecules/hormones are high and low after eating?

A
  • high = CCK, insulin, glucose
  • low = NPY
51
Q

question: which molecules/hormones are high and low before eating?

A
  • high = NPY
  • low = CCK, insulin, glucose
52
Q

explain: func. of each hunger hormone/molecule

A
  • glucose
    ⤷ stored as glycogen in muscles and liver
    ⤷ E source
    ⤷ low blood gluc. -> hungry
  • NPY
    ⤷ appetite stim.
    ⤷ hypothalamus
  • CCK
    ⤷ satiety stim.
    ⤷ small intestine
    ⤷ short-term satiety
  • insulin
    ⤷ synthesis of glycogen and glucose
    ⤷ in pancreas
  • leptin
    ⤷ reduces appetite
    ⤷ indicates low E stores
    ⤷ controlled by OB gene
    ⤷ inhibits NPY
    ⤷ in adipose
53
Q

name: tastes + types of food

A
  • sweet = E rich
  • salty = electrolytes
  • umami = AA (glutamate and aspartate)
  • bitter + sour = harmful
54
Q

explain: pathway of taste

A
  • gustatory cortex acts as connection
  • orbital = taste and smell = flavour
  • primary somatosensory = feel and texture
55
Q

explain: smell proc. in brain

A
  1. odourants bind to olfactory recep.
  2. recep. cells send elec. sig.
  3. sig. relayed by glomeruli
  4. sig. transmitted to higher regions of brain
56
Q

name + define: approaches to personality

A
  • psychoanalytical
    ⤷ controversial + still unmeasurable and unquantifiable
    ⤷ focus on unconcious mind + mental strat. to relieve thoughts
  • behavioural
    ⤷ internal = unmeasurable
    ⤷ focus on outside bc observable
    ⤷ personality dev. w/ learning and exp.
  • cognitive
    ⤷ reward and modelling
    ⤷ learning from others’ behaviour
  • trait
    ⤷ charac. = same but varies between ppl
  • biological
    ⤷ hormones and neurotransmitters
57
Q

name + define: parts of the mind (psychoanalytical)

A
  • id
    ⤷ want
    ⤷ unconcious
    ⤷ focused on pleasure
    ⤷ no sense of right/wrong
    ⤷ present from birth
  • superego
    ⤷ should do
    ⤷ unconcious (small part is concious)
    ⤷ morality + conscience
    ⤷ dev. at age 4
  • ego
    ⤷ what you acc. do
    ⤷ concious
    ⤷ balances id and superego
    ⤷ pleasure over longterm
58
Q

name + define: defense mechanisms

A
  • denial
    ⤷ rejecting facts of sit.
  • repression
    ⤷ prevents info. from being consciously processed
  • projection
    ⤷ labels others as having your own unconscious views
  • rationalization
    ⤷ using logic to justify beha.
  • sublimation
    ⤷ finding acceptable outlets for unacceptable impulses
59
Q

name + define: OCEAN

A
  • openness: lvl of creativity and adventure
  • conscientiousness: thoughtfulness and diligence
  • extroversion: sociability and assertiveness
  • agreeableness: compassion and likeability
  • neuroticism: lvl of emo. stability
60
Q

name + explain: brain regions + neurotransmitters involved in biological personality

A
  • amygdala: anxiety and fear
  • frontal lobe: lateralization -> neuroticism (right side) and stability (left side)
  • seratonin: cog. stability (neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness)
  • dopamine: plasticity and cog. flexibility (extroversion, openness)
61
Q

name + define: 4 Ds

A
  • deviance: atypical thoughts (higher or below avg.)
  • distress: -ive feelings
    ⤷ no -ive feelings does not guarantee normal (ex. bipolar)
  • dysfunction
    ⤷ interrupts daily tasks
  • danger
    ⤷ to oneself or others
62
Q

name: +ive and -ive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

+ive
- hallucinations (not really there)
- delusions (irrational belief)
- disorganized thinking
- disorganized motor beha. (catatonic stupor and excitement)

-ive
- alogia (reduced speech)
- blunt affect (little emo. resp.)
- anhedonia (no pleasure)
- asociality (inability to engage in soc. interac.)
- avolition (lack motivation)

psych 1xx3 (1 decks)

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