psych Flashcards
1
Q
What does the Multi-Store Model of Memory suggest about memory?
A
Memory consists of separate short-term and long-term stores.
2
Q
What is the Serial Position Effect?
A
The tendency to remember words at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list better than those in the middle.
3
Q
What is the primacy effect?
A
Early words are rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory.
4
Q
What is the recency effect?
A
Later words remain in short-term memory.
5
Q
Who investigated the Serial Position Effect?
A
Glanzer and Cunitz (1966).
6
Q
What was the main focus of Glanzer and Cunitz’s study?
A
The recency effect.
7
Q
What was the sample used in Glanzer and Cunitz’s study?
A
46 army enlisted men.
8
Q
What were the three conditions tested in Glanzer and Cunitz’s study?
A
- Immediate recall
- Delayed recall (10 seconds)
- Delayed recall (30 seconds)
9
Q
What was a significant finding from Glanzer and Cunitz’s study regarding the recency effect?
A
There was a significant reduction in the recency effect with the 10-second distraction task.
10
Q
What did the 30-second delay condition reveal about the recency effect?
A
There was ‘no trace’ of the recency effect.
11
Q
What is a limitation of Glanzer and Cunitz’s study?
A
Low ecological validity due to artificial memorization tasks.
12
Q
What is the dual task technique in the Working Memory Model?
A
Participants perform two tasks simultaneously to examine the effects on performance.
13
Q
What are the two key modalities in the Working Memory Model?
A
- Phonological loop
- Visuospatial sketchpad
14
Q
What did Landry and Bartling (2011) aim to investigate?
A
The influence of articulatory suppression on recall of phonologically dissimilar letters.
15
Q
What was the sample used in Landry and Bartling’s study?
A
34 undergraduate psychology students.
16
Q
What was the mean percent of accurate recall in the control group of Landry and Bartling’s study?
A
76%.
17
Q
What was the mean percent of accurate recall in the experimental group of Landry and Bartling’s study?
A
45%.
18
Q
What does articulatory suppression do in the context of memory?
A
It prevents rehearsal in the phonological loop due to overload.
19
Q
What did Bransford and Johnson (1972) investigate?
A
Whether activating a relevant schema improves memory for a passage.
20
Q
What is schema activation?
A
Using prior knowledge to understand and remember new information.
21
Q
What were the four conditions in Bransford and Johnson’s study?
A
- No context
- Context before
- Context after
- Partial context before
22
Q
What was the average mean score of distinct ideas recalled for the condition with context before?
A
4.8.
23
Q
What is a limitation of Bransford and Johnson’s study?
A
Low ecological validity due to the artificial nature of the task.
24
Q
What does the Dual Process Model of thinking propose?
A
There are two systems guiding human thought: System 1 and System 2.
25
What is System 1 thinking characterized by?
Fast, automatic, and often subconscious thinking.
26
What is System 2 thinking characterized by?
Slow, deliberate, and analytical thinking.
27
What is cognitive disfluency?
The subjective experience of difficulty associated with cognitive tasks.
28
What did Alter et al. (2007) aim to investigate?
Whether cognitive disfluency prompts individuals to engage in more analytical processing.
29
What was the sample used in Alter et al.'s study?
40 undergraduate students from Princeton University.
30
What effect did the disfluent condition have on the participants' performance?
Participants answered more questions correctly than those in the fluent condition.
31
What is the impact of framing on decision-making according to Tversky and Kahneman (1986)?
Framing affects whether individuals rely on System 1 or engage System 2 thinking.
32
What were the two conditions in Tversky and Kahneman's (1986) study?
* Positive frame
* Negative frame
33
What was the main finding regarding the positive frame in Tversky and Kahneman's study?
72% of participants chose the safe, certain option.
34
What was the main finding regarding the negative frame in Tversky and Kahneman's study?
78% of participants chose the riskier option.
35
What does the anchoring effect refer to?
Relying too heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making judgments.
36
What was the hypothesis tested by Tversky and Kahneman (1974) regarding anchoring?
The first number seen would bias the estimate of the value by the participant.
37
What were the two conditions in Tversky and Kahneman's (1974) study?
* Ascending condition
* Descending condition
38
What was the median estimate for the ascending group in Tversky and Kahneman's study?
512.
39
What was the median estimate for the descending group in Tversky and Kahneman's study?
2250.
40
What was the median value for the ascending group in the anchoring study?
512
41
What was the median value for the descending group in the anchoring study?
2250
42
What is the actual value in the anchoring study?
40320
43
What type of design was used in the anchoring study?
Independent samples design
44
What is the primary focus of Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study?
Reconstructive memory
45
What concept suggests that memory is actively reconstructed rather than passively recorded?
Schema theory
46
What was the independent variable in Loftus and Palmer's first study?
Intensity of the verb used in the critical question
47
What were the mean estimated speeds for the different verbs used in Loftus and Palmer's first study?
* Smashed: 40.8
* Collided: 39.3
* Bumped: 38.1
* Hit: 34.0
* Contacted: 31.8
48
What did Loftus and Palmer conclude about the influence of critical words on participants' answers?
The critical word in the question affected speed estimates
49
What was the aim of Loftus and Palmer's second study?
Investigate if high-speed estimates lead to false memories of broken glass
50
In Loftus and Palmer's second study, how many participants reported seeing broken glass in the 'smashed' condition?
16
51
What cognitive bias was investigated by Strack and Mussweiler (1997)?
Anchoring bias
52
What was the mean age estimate for participants with a high anchor in Strack and Mussweiler's study?
67
53
What was the mean age estimate for participants with a low anchor in Strack and Mussweiler's study?
50
54
What does reconstructive memory theory suggest about memory?
Memory is actively reconstructed based on existing knowledge and external information
55
In Loftus and Pickrell's study, what percentage of participants recalled the false memory?
25%
56
What type of memories are considered flashbulb memories according to Brown and Kulik (1977)?
Vivid, detailed memories of emotionally significant events
57
What event did Brown and Kulik investigate regarding flashbulb memories?
The death of public figures
58
What was the result for black participants recalling the murder of Martin Luther King?
75% had flashbulb memories
59
What does Sharot et al. (2007) aim to understand in their study?
How emotion influences memory
60
What was the sample size in Sharot et al.'s study conducted after 9/11?
24 participants
61
What brain structure is linked to emotional memory according to Sharot et al.?
Amygdala
62
What neurotransmitter is crucial for memory and learning as discussed in Antonova (2011)?
Acetylcholine
63
What was the effect of Scopolamine in Antonova's study?
It inhibits acetylcholine receptors
64
What method was used in Antonova's study to determine the effect of Scopolamine?
fMRI
65
What is the role of Scopolamine in memory and learning?
Scopolamine is an antagonist for acetylcholine, which inhibits the acetylcholine receptors effect on memory and learning.
66
What was the mean age of participants in the study involving Scopolamine?
28 years old.
67
What type of study design was used in the Scopolamine research?
Double-blind procedure.
68
What task did participants perform in the fMRI while being scanned?
Playing the 'Arena task.'
69
What is the significance of the hippocampus in the context of the Scopolamine study?
The hippocampus showed reduced activation when participants were injected with scopolamine, indicating its role in encoding spatial memories.
70
What does a repeated measures design mean?
The same participants take part in all conditions of an experiment.
71
What is GABA's role as a neurotransmitter?
GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates brain activity by reducing excessive neural excitation.
72
What was the aim of Prevot et al. (2019) regarding GABA?
To investigate whether increasing GABA function could improve memory function in animal models.
73
What experimental design was used in Prevot et al. (2019) study?
Double-blind experiment with a pre-test/post-test design.
74
What was the outcome for mice treated with GABA agonists?
They showed improved spatial working memory and growth of new hippocampal cells.
75
What does neuroplasticity refer to?
The brain's ability to change and adapt throughout life.
76
What was the purpose of Draganski's (2004) study?
To see whether learning a new skill, specifically juggling, would affect the brains of participants.
77
What method was used to analyze the MRI scans in Draganski's study?
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM).
78
What was the effect of juggling on the participants' brain structure?
Juggling increased grey matter in the mid-temporal area associated with visual memory.
79
What is anterograde amnesia?
The inability to form new long-term memories after a specific event.
80
What does the Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM) propose?
Memory involves three separate stores: sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
81
What was HM's condition after his surgery?
He could not acquire new episodic or semantic knowledge.
82
What type of memories remained intact for HM post-surgery?
Procedural memories.
83
What did Maguire et al. (2000) study regarding taxi drivers?
How the hippocampus is altered in taxi drivers who navigate complex city routes.
84
What techniques were used to measure brain anatomy in the Maguire study?
* Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) * Pixel counting.
85
What was the comparison group in Maguire's study?
50 right-handed males who did not drive taxis.
86
What is the significance of neuroplastic changes in the brain?
It illustrates localized brain function and adaptation based on experience.
87
What type of study was conducted to examine the brain anatomy of taxi drivers?
A single-blind study
## Footnote
The researcher did not know whether she was looking at the scan of a taxi driver or a control.
88
What techniques were used to measure the MRI data in the taxi driver study?
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and pixel counting
## Footnote
VBM measures the density of grey matter, while pixel counting calculates the area of the hippocampus.
89
What were the two key findings regarding the hippocampi of taxi drivers?
1. Posterior hippocampi were larger in taxi drivers.
2. Anterior hippocampi were smaller in taxi drivers.
90
What is the relationship between the posterior hippocampus and taxi driving?
The posterior hippocampus is linked to navigational and spatial memory, which is used more by taxi drivers.
91
What does the study suggest about the hippocampus in response to environmental demands?
The hippocampus may change in response to environmental demands.
92
What research method was used by Zak (2009) to study the effect of testosterone?
A double-blind counter-balanced repeated measures design.
93
What was the primary aim of Zak's study?
To study the effect of testosterone on a male's generosity and sense of aggression.
94
How did testosterone affect participants in the Ultimatum Game?
Participants were 27% stingier when receiving testosterone gel compared to placebo.
95
What ethical consideration was raised in Zak's study regarding the use of a placebo?
Deception needed to be justified and revealed in the debriefing.
96
What is a limitation of Zak's study regarding ecological validity?
The situation is highly artificial and thus has low ecological validity.
97
What does Zhou's study focus on regarding androstadienone (AND) and estratetraenol (EST)?
Their role in human sexual behavior.
98
What was the sample composition in Zhou's study?
24 heterosexual males, 24 heterosexual females, 24 homosexual males, and 24 bisexual or homosexual females.
99
What task did participants complete in Zhou's study?
A point light walker task (PLW).
100
What effect did AND have on heterosexual females and homosexual males in Zhou's study?
They identified the stick figure as more masculine than the control group.
101
What was a significant finding regarding EST in Zhou's study?
Heterosexual individuals perceived walkers as more feminine when exposed to EST.
102
What is a limitation regarding the doses of AND and EST used in Zhou's study?
The doses were significantly higher than humans naturally secrete.
103
What is the conclusion regarding the effects of testosterone based on Zak's findings?
Testosterone may lead to increased selfish behavior and lower trust in social interactions.
104
What does the study by Zak suggest about the relationship between testosterone and oxytocin?
Testosterone has the opposite effect of oxytocin, promoting distrust.
