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winter 2024 classes > PSYCH 169 Midterm > Flashcards

PSYCH 169 Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What was Mehr et al. 3 dimensions of song?

A

Formality, arousal, and religiosity

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2
Q

Was music present in all of Mehr’s community that they sampled?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Which part of this three-dimensional space do love songs fall in?

A

low on all dimensions

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4
Q

In an experiment discussed by Mehr et al. people listened to songs from different cultures and where asked to decide which of four “behavioral contexts” it was associated with: dance, lullaby, healing, and love. If the song was from an unfamiliar culture, people could not classify them any better than simple chance guessing. TRUE OR FALSE

A

False

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5
Q

What is the true about the universality of music?

A

Music is found in all societies
All cultures use music in more than one way (behavioral context)

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6
Q

Darwin and Wallace’s theory of evolution tried to answer the primary question …

A

Where do the world’s species come from?

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7
Q

Survival of the fittest doesn’t quite capture Darwin’s theory of evolution. What’s wrong with this summary of the theory?

A

Survival isn’t the point; it’s reproduction.
An organism that dies immediately after successfully reproducing, even at a young age, would be successful in evolutionary terms (assuming the organism’s death doesn’t immediately doom its offspring)
It’s really not about the survival fitness of the organism; it’s about the genes and whether they get into the next generation.

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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: If every individual of a species has a given trait, and it does not vary from one individual to the next, that trait is, by definition, not heritable in the technical sense.

A

TRUE

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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Many behavioral traits have been found to be at least partially heritable

A

TRUE

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10
Q

What is the primary drive of change in evolution?

A

Natural selection

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11
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Homologous traits refer to traits in two different species that were passed down from a common ancestor.

A

TRUE

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12
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: If two traits serve the same function they are always homologous.

A

FALSE

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13
Q

What is the music paradox?

A

Music is just sound pressure waves. It doesn’t provide nourishment or shelter but is held on a pedestal in the pantheon of pleasure.

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14
Q

Is music universal?

A

yes, exists in every society both with and without words

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14
Q

Musicality

A

a natural, spontaneously developing set of traits, which enables music
- Must have musicality to produce a variety of cultural music
-Basic ability to produce and have emotion to music
-Doesn’t change on short timescales

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15
Q

What is language?

A

Language is the varied systems of words, their pronunciation, and the methods of combining them that human societies use and understand.

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16
Q

Are there technologically primitive societies?

A

YES

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17
Q

Are there primitive languages?

A

NO

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18
Q

Can other human species learn human language?

A

NO

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19
Q

What is Linguisticality

A

the spontaneously developing set of traits that enables the acquisition and use of language

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20
Q

What are the 3 things that explain the nature of Grammar?

A

Hierarchial(not linear)
Productive: finite rules can generate an infinite set of sentences.
Recursive: embedding multiple sentences in one sentence

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21
Q

Descriptive grammar

A

unconsciously learned rules for how we actually talk (Real world)

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22
Q

Prescriptive grammar

A

explicitly taught cultural rules for how we ought to talk, learned in school

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23
Q

what are the 5 cored ideas of evolution?

A

(1) Populations change over time (evolve)
(2) Evolution is gradual
- Typically on timescales of hundreds to thousands to millions of years
(3) Populations diverge into different species (speciation)
(4) All species share a common ancestry
(5) NATURAL SELECTION IS THE MAJOR DRIVER OF CHANGE AT A GENETIC LEVEL

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24
Q

what are the other sources of evolution?

A

Genetic drift
Spandrels

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25
Q

Homology

A

Shared ancestry

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26
Q

Example of homology

A

four limbs of tetrapods –> all birds, bats, mice, and crocodiles all have four limbs

Mammalian forelimb

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27
Q

Analogy

A

shared function with different evolutionary origin

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28
Q

Example of Analogy

A

-vocal learning in some apes (humans), birds, sea mammals, elephants, bats

  • bats vs. birds wings
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29
Q

Deep homology

A

a conserved developmental genetic algorithm or module can be copied and repurposed

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30
Q

Example of deep homology

A

jellyfish and human eyes use the same genetic module to build them

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31
Q

Why are some things disgusting?

A

built into our immune system to avoid hazards

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32
Q

Why are we not sexually attracted to our siblings?

A

we need genetic diversity and that is more successful with different people

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33
Q

Why are we afraid of snakes but not driving?

A

to recent to develop a biologically fear for driving

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34
Q

What is heritability?

A

how much variation in a trait is explained by genetic variation

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35
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

a difference of something we all have like hair color, amount of fingers
diversity of genetic material within a population

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36
Q

What study is used to estimate heritability?

A

Twin adoption studies

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37
Q

How much DNA do identical twins share?

A

100% (monozygotic)
-came from one fertalized egg that split into two

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38
Q

How much DNA do Fraternal twins share?

A

50% (Dizygotic)

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39
Q

Is heritability the same thing as “under genetic control”?

A

NO

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40
Q

Is having five fingers heritable?

A

No, because there is essentially no variation in this trait

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41
Q

Is having 5 fingers under genetic control?

A

Yes

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42
Q

How do genes evolve?

A

they evolve to enable adaptive phenotypes in the context of their particular environment

ex: there is no reason to hard wire the brain to instinctively speak a particular language if you can just wire in the capacity to learn with the guarantee that the environment will provide a linguistic environment from which to learn

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43
Q

Why don’t we have the ability to synthesize our own Vitamin C?

A

our ancestors got vitamin c from the environment (fruit), no reason to keep the ability to synthesize (no need to waste energy)

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44
Q

What is the faculty of language?

A

all humans are born with the ability to acquire language aka universal grammar

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45
Q

Broad sense (FLB)

A

all of the mental capacities needed for the acquisition and use of language, including those that are not specific to language and may be shared by other species

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46
Q

Narrow sense (FLN)

A

only those capacities that are both unique to our species and specific to language (possibly syntax and recusion)

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47
Q

Examples of FLB

A

memory
speech perception
sequencing
vocal control
theory of mind

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48
Q

Phonology

A

study of the sound structure of language, a generative system of rules for combining discrete units (phonemes) into syllables, words, and phrases

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49
Q

what does prosody refer to?

A

melody
rhythm
stress patterns

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50
Q

Morphemes

A

smallest unit of meaning
(1) Free morphemes
(2) Bound morphemes (-ed, -ing)

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51
Q

Morpheme operations

A

Derivational: change in form and category (verb –> noun)
Inflectional: form is the same (tense walk –> walked)
Compounding (computer-lover)

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52
Q

syntax

A

study of phrase and sentence formation

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53
Q

Productive (property of syntax)

A

if you know the rules and the words you can produce and understand sentences you’ve never said or hear

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54
Q

Recursive (property of syntax)

A

rules can contain instances of itself

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55
Q

what are the two types of syntax?

A

autnomous & lexicalized

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56
Q

autonomous syntax

A

rules are completely separable from words and meanings
ex: NP –> Det (adj) N

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57
Q

Lexicalized syntax

A

structures are part of the world or morpheme lexicon

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58
Q

Semantics

A

study of meaning

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59
Q

are words the same as meanings

A

NO

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60
Q

Fast mapping

A

the ability to acquire a word rapidly on the basis of minimal information.

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61
Q

Combinatorial meaning

A

meaning of a sentence is the combo of the meaning of the words and their structural (syntactic) relation

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62
Q

Propositional meaning

A

the meaning of a sentence can be evaluated with respect to its truth value (can be judged)

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63
Q

Do other communicative systems like music and gesture have the property of truth value?

A

NO

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64
Q

Pragmatics

A

The study of language use in context

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65
Q

context-driven inference

A

the ability to use context to infer intended meaning for an ambiguous signal (present in other animals)

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66
Q

theory of mind

A

-not unique to humans
the ability to conceptualize what others know (developed by age 4)

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67
Q

what is unique to Human pragmatic interpretation?

A

drive to share thoughts cooperatively

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68
Q

Pitch

A

a prominent building block of music
-how our brain perceives that frequency of a wave
can be used all by itself to form simple, but pleasing melodies that loudness or timbre cannot

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69
Q

Higher frequency entails what type of pitch?

A

higher pitch

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70
Q

what are the two effects of pitch and frequency?

A

missing fundamental & octave equivalence

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71
Q

The missing fundamental

A

when the f0 or lowest pitch is gone but can be heard when there is apparent source or component of the frequency
-this perception is due to the brain interpreting patterns that are present

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72
Q

Spectrogram graph

A

x-axis: time
y-axis: frequency

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73
Q

Frequency spectrum

A

lists the frequency bands and ranges in the sound spectrum

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74
Q

Harmonics

A

Overtones or lower frequencies
a wave or signal whose frequency is an integral (whole number) multiple of the frequency of the same reference signal or wave.

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75
Q

what is the pitch between 540, 640, and 740 hz?

A

100

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76
Q

Is the missing fundamental actually missing?

A

No, our brain fills up the info that is missing

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77
Q

Ex of an Octave

A

an interval between two tones with a ratio 2:1 where the higher tone is double the frequency of the lower

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78
Q

Why do octave notes sound the same?

A

sounds the same due to the harmonics

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79
Q

How do harmonics work?

A

-they are multiples on the fundamental
-notes an octave apart have harmonics that align
- but higher tones have more sparse harmonics

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80
Q

Octave

A

a special pitch interval where the harmonics maximally line up

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81
Q

What are the two dimensions of pitch perception?

A

height & chroma

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82
Q

Height

A

as frequency increases the tone gets higher
ex: increase in frequency = increase in pitch

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83
Q

Chroma

A

at every doubling of frequency the tone appears to return to an equivalent “note”

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84
Q

What is transposition ability?

A

ability to easily recognize a tune, even though the original pitches were not there
ex: knowing what song is playing though the pitch was x2 higher

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84
Q

Is octave equivalence universal ?

A

INFANTS are sensitive to it and don’t have much musical experience
-they are more surprised by the shifts that are not octave based
-suggests its something we don’t have to learn through experience
- people with no exposure to western music also show octave equivalence

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84
Q

Do all species hear octave-spaecd tones as equivalent?

A

NO

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84
Q

What does consonant mean?

A

how pleasing a sound is, harmonious

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84
Q

what does dissonant mean?

A

not a pleasing sound, disharmonious

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84
Q

What is timbre

A

aka tone/tone color
the perceptual correlate of harmonic structure
adds color and texture
important in recognizing sound identity (not pitch)

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84
Q

is timbre a foundational building block of music?

A

NO

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84
Q

Loudness

A

amplitude of the sound pressure of the wave
-correlated with intensity or arousal level of emotion and can define rhythms

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84
Q

TRUE OR FALSE : Humans and monkeys both have zero lag when predicting the timing of a song

A

FALSE only humans have a zero lag

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85
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Very few can synchronize to a beat or extract a beat from a complex rhythm

A

TRUE
ex: humans moving our body to the beat of a song

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86
Q

Melody

A

when other musical elements come together particularly pitch & rhythm

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87
Q

How does bat song compare to bird song?

A

at least in some species they have equal complexity

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88
Q

Which of the following is not dependent on vocal production learning?

A

calls

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89
Q

in what way are animal songs in the technical sense similar to language?

A

-they are complex
-they exhibit cultural variation
-they are hierarchial

90
Q

Human may well have inherited ___ from our last common ancestor with other living apes because living apes also exhibit it.

A

language

91
Q

Studying bird song can help us understand human vocalization because these two traits are..

A

analogous

92
Q

If an animal test subject is performing a rhythm task and is consistently lagging just behind the beat, this indicates

A

that they are reacting rather than anticipating the beat

93
Q

Chimpanzees occasionally display which kind of musicality?

A

buttress drumming

94
Q

Why do song birds sing?

A

territory marking and mate attraction
- males are singers suggesting sexual selection for mate attraction

95
Q

what animals drum?

A

apes (including humans)
woodpeckers
desert rodents
palm cokatoos

96
Q

Is vocal communication common in what form?

A

calls which are innate

97
Q

is vocal learning common among species?

A

no

98
Q

how is song more complex than vocal learning?

A

hierarchically structured using notes to form repeating patterns (motifs)
learned from a tutor typically a parent
shows cultural variation

99
Q

True or false: humans are the only primate with strong vocal production learning ability

A

True

100
Q

What theory might explain chimpanzee displays of musicality?

A

competitive displays

101
Q

how would you describe the difference in performance between humans and monkeys in keeping a beat?

A

humans can keep a beat almost perfectly with no delay

102
Q

Speech production is enabled by the structure of the vocal tract plus the neural circuitry that enables vocal production learning. Which of Tinbergen’s levels of explanation does this claim belong to?

A

mechanistic

103
Q

human speech and birdsong are ___ traits.

A

analogous

104
Q

the source filter model of speech production holds that speech sounds are generated by the ____ that is then filtered by the _____.

A

larynx, supra laryngeal vocal tract

105
Q

Different vocal tract configurations, including tongue position and lip rounding, primarily affect:

A

a. formant frequency patterns
b. which vowel is produced
c. how the harmonics of the fundamental frequency are filtered

106
Q

true/false: both language and music are universal, hierarchical, and propositional

A

false

107
Q

the supra laryngeal vocal tract acts like

A

an acoustic filter

108
Q

The primary acoustic features that differentiate one vowel sound from another include:

A

F0

109
Q

The pitch differences in voices between human males and females ..

A

is an example of sexual dimorphism
develops at puberty

110
Q

the human infant’s vocal tract is more similar to a ___ than the ___ vocal tract.

A

monkey, adult human

111
Q

what feature allows humans to make particularly acoustically distinctive vowels but also increases the risk of choking?

A

descended larynx

112
Q

which of the following is true regarding our descended larynx?

A

-it improves our ability to articulate some speech sounds
-its speech-related function may not have been the original driving force for its evolution

113
Q

Did theorizing about the origins of language start with Darwin?

A

FALSE

114
Q

which of the following was proposed as a theory of the origin of language?

A

language started as imitations of natural sounds
… emotional vocalizations
… social communication & coordination
… as a song
… as gesture

115
Q

what did Darwin propose regarding the protolanguage state of language evolution?

A

song

116
Q

Darwin thought that the protolanguage form was shaped by which evolutionary mechanism?

A

sexual selection

117
Q

which of the following is true regarding lexical protolanguage?

A

a.It assumes the existence of a vocabulary of words but basically without morphosyntax.

b. Pidgin languages are believed to reflect a basic lexical protolanguage ability.

c. Kids seem to pass through a lexical protolanguage stage during language acquisition.

d. Chimps and gorillas seem to have at least a rudimentary lexical protolanguage.

118
Q

our limitation of the lexical protolanguage theory is that

A

it doesn’t explain how we came to be vocal learners and how we got to the point of being able to learn a lexicon of words

119
Q

true or false: creole languages contain morphosyntactic structure

A

true

120
Q

what are the properties of song as proposed by the song protolanguage hypothesis?

A

-hierarchial and productive
-similar to bird or whale song
-likely used for mating and territory defense
-required the evolution of vocal learning

121
Q

which of the following is evidence for the song protolanguage hypothesis?

A

-universality of music
-similarity between music and phonology
- song has evolved in multiple species which makes it evolutionarily feasible to have evolved in our ancestors

122
Q

what is the strongest pieces of evidence against gestural protolanguage?

A

the existence of fully structured signed languages

123
Q

true/false: signed languages are grammatically structured and can communicate anything that a spoken language can.

A

true

124
Q

the main problem facing gestural protolanguage theory is that

A

signed language is basically equivalent to a lexical protolanguage

125
Q

what evolutionary problem does kin selection solve?

A

altruism

126
Q

what is kin selection?

A

the idea that by helping one’s non-offspring relatives, an organism can get its genes into the next generation

127
Q

which of the following is true regarding Hamilton’s rule?

A

-it considers the fitness cost to the giver
-considers the fitness benefit to the receiver
- considers the genetic relatedness of the giver and receiver

128
Q

true/false: humans are often helpful to non-relatives. there is no evolutionary explanation for this.

A

false

129
Q

what 3 features does language have that music doesn’t?

A
  • propositionality
    -compositionality: meaning of a sentence, structure, depends on structure and word order
    -recursion
130
Q

what 3 features does music have that language doesn’t?

A
  • discrete pitches
  • isochronous rhythm (has a beat)
    -repeatable (mostly)
131
Q

what does the larynx produce?

A

the fundamental frequency/pitch

132
Q

larynx

A

sound source that controls pitch, the flap in the throat

133
Q

Chimpanzee vocal tract characteristics

A
  • larynx is high
    -larynx only goes up or down for chimps
134
Q

are nonhuman apes vocal learners?

A

no

135
Q

Apes signing ability

A
  • know hundreds of basic signs
    -no control of larynx
  • cannot achieve anything close to human level ability (syntax)
    -not in control of their voluntary respiratory system to produce speech
  • most communication is to ask for food or play
  • can use word order
136
Q

true or false: vertebrates have the ability to learn a number of arbitrary signs and combine them in simple phrases

A

true

137
Q

is communicating emotions learned?

A

no

138
Q

what animal has different calls to signal different types of predators?

A

lemurs

139
Q

3 types of vocalization

A
  1. calls: innate, common trait (barks, laughs, moos)
  2. vocal production learning: learned calls, innate ability to learn, rare
  3. song
140
Q

song characteristics

A
  • learned & complex
  • structured
  • shows cultural variation
    -rare
141
Q

who are the vocal learners?

A
  • song birds
  • parrots
    -hummingbirds
    -cetaceans (dolphins, orca whales, baleen whales)
    -pinnipeds (seal, walrus)
  • bats
    -elephants
  • primates humans
142
Q

why do birds sing?

A

territory marking & mate attraction
- females: social group bonding

143
Q

what organ do birds sing with?

A

syrinx, song birds have a two part syrinx
- birds have a larynx but don’t use it

144
Q

palm cockatoo drums true or false?

A

true

145
Q

what form of vocal communication most common?

A

calls which are innate

146
Q

how is song a complex form of vocal learning?

A
  • hiearachially structured using notes to form repeating patterns
  • learned from a tutor (parent)
    -shows cultural variation
147
Q

Descended Larynx Theory

A

humans evolved a vocal tract that is optimized for producing speech sounds

148
Q

do other mammals have a problem with choking?

A

no, their epilgottis can seal off the oral cavity from the glottis and trachea

149
Q

infants larynx key difference

A
  • larynx hasn’t lowered yet
    the lower the larynx the higher chance of choking
150
Q

why did evolution put us at risk for choking?

A

anatomy must have an adaptive advantage that overrides the disadvantage of choking, allows us to make more speech sounds
- humans have two vocal tracts compared to other primates

151
Q

can non-human primates produce backness in vowels?

A

no

152
Q

can the vocal tract anatomy alone be the limiting factor for the evolution of speech?

A

NO

153
Q

speech was the driving force for the evolved vocal tract true or false?

A

false due to genetic drift

154
Q

what does longer vocal tracts mean?

A

lower voice pitch (F0)

155
Q

lower voice pitch is a cue to…

A

animal size

156
Q

is the descended larynx uniquely human

A

no

157
Q

voice pitch

A

sexually dimorphic trait in humans

158
Q

how do mammals achieve a two tube system like humans?

A

lower their larynx during vocalization, making a lower freq and a louder call

159
Q

what suggests that the larynx might have lowered to give a size signal?

A

sexual dimorphism (difference in men and woman vocal tracts)

160
Q

exaptation

A

adapting something that evolved for one purpose to another purpose

161
Q

is vocal tract anatomy enough to explain the evolution of speech and language?

A

NO

162
Q

cons of biblical theory

A

not a scientific theory, you can’t test it

163
Q

onomatopeia theory

A

words started as imitations of animal sounds aka protolanguage/intermediate-stage theory

164
Q

emotional expression theory

A
  • words started as emotional vocalizations
    CONS: exsists in animals in the form of calls
165
Q

social communication theory

A

words started as social communication & coordination

166
Q

song-based theory

A

thought that song was the first language that came first, and people communicated by tones

167
Q

gesture based theory

A

evolved from natural language of action like cries, facial expressions, gestures to an institutional language of action

168
Q

Max muller

A

discredited darwinian evolutionary theories

169
Q

Darwin’s theory of language evolution

A

protolanguage=sond
- functioned like birdsong to communicate emotion, attract mates, and defend territory
-shaped by sexual selection
- HE THOUGHT INTELLIGENCE SHAPED LANGUAGE

170
Q

is linguisticality a cultural invention or a biological tract?

A

biological trait
- complex trait unliekly to emerge from a single event
-must have an intermediate proto form or forms od linguisticality

171
Q

what are the 3 protolinguisticality theories?

A
  • lexical
    -gestural
  • musical
172
Q

lexical protolinguisticality theory

A
  • ability for vocal learning
    language without morphosyntax: is the study of how languages change over time, including the development of new words, grammatical structures, and phonetic changes.
173
Q

gestural protolinguisticality theory

A
174
Q

musical protolinguisticality theory

A
175
Q

pidgin languages

A
  • hacked communication systems invented and used by adults who don’t speak the same language (proto-lang)
176
Q

creole language

A
  • natural structured language
  • what children of a pidgin lang. community end up speaking
  • has grammatical structure
177
Q

agrammatic aphasia

A

lack of grammatical structure, can produce language but it doesn’t make sense (impairs morphosyntax)

178
Q

aphasia

A

an acquired disorder of language caused by brain damage

179
Q

parsing

A

sentence processing, process of dividing a sentenc into grammatical elements

180
Q

lexical protolanguage

A

a stage where groups of humans are willfully sharing meaningful propositional information

181
Q

how are genes selfish?

A

successful genes are the ones that get themselves replicated in the next generation

182
Q

kin selection

A

-evolution acts on genes, organisms are the vessesl for gene replication
- organisms can pass down their genes by reproducing itself (50% genes passed down) or helping relatives who share genes

183
Q

4 types of gestural protolanguage

A
  1. deictic: meaning is dependent on context
  2. iconic: meaning communicated directly by form
  3. emblematic: meaning comes from culturally determined conventions
  4. beats: accentuates the rhythm of speech
184
Q

what is the main problem of gestural theory?

A

gestures don’t identify what caused the shift to the universal default vocal system
-sign language is the strongest argument against gestural protolanguage

185
Q

difference between signed language and gestures?

A
  • has a true phonology, morphology, syntax, and systematic mapping like spoken language
186
Q

pros of spoken language

A
  • can communicate in the dark
  • frees the hands
  • visual attention can be elsewhere
187
Q

cons of spoken language

A
  • makes noise that attracts predators
    -risk of choking with descended larynx
  • fire would have made nighttime communication via sign possible
    -deaf people have no trouble signing and driving, cooking, caring for kids
188
Q

what traits are needed for language?

A

-vocal learning
-productive generation of vocalized forms
-hierarchical structuring

189
Q

why do we develop song early?

A

song interaction is two way between parent and infant

190
Q

does song protolanguage require a shift from one gestural system to a vocal system?

A

no

191
Q

why is social bonding adaptive?

A

bonding among group members ensures the benefits outweigh the costs, lower the chance of freeloading

192
Q

what is a common bonding mechanism among non-human primates?

A

grooming between two individuals

193
Q

holistic to analytic hypothesis

A

meaningless bits of sung phrases become associated with meaning
holistic chunks are analyzed into parts that can be recombined

194
Q

the null hypothesis

A

musicality has no adaptive value in itself, it came along for free with other adaptations

195
Q

Tecumseh Fitch’s thoughts

A

-music is universal
- music is entrenched in daily life
-music is loud and energetically expensive

196
Q

discretization

A

breaking pitch continua into discrete units or notes

197
Q

is group synchronization unique to humans?

A

no crickets and fireflies do it could be used for mate attraction

198
Q

benefits of synchronization for humans

A
  • group singing decreases stress hormones
  • prosocial behavior
199
Q

use of fMRI

A

identifies what regions are activated for language and music

200
Q

neuropsychology

A

studying the effects of brain disruption on behavioral abilities
disruption: stroke, neurodegenerative disease

201
Q

can singing be preserved in patients with aphasia?

A

yes

202
Q

amusia

A

trouble with pitch, affecting melody recognition, pitch discrimination, production, rhythm

203
Q

congenital amusia

A

aka tone deafness
affects 4% of the population

204
Q

people with congenital amusia have difficulty with …

A
  • detecting when someone sings out of tune
    -recognizing a familiar tune without the aid of lyrics
    -holding tunes in memory
205
Q

true or false: people with congenital amusia tend to be insensitive to pitch-related dissonance

A

true

206
Q

true or false: people with amusia might perform worse singing a familiar song if they omit the lyrics and just hum it

A

true

207
Q

congenital amusia is a

A

heritable disorder that runs in families

208
Q

what is one theory regarding what’s different about the brain of people with congenital amusia?

A

top down recurrent processing from frontal cortex to auditory cortex is disrupted

209
Q

are genes a strong influencing factor in the emergence of music prodigies?

A

yes

210
Q

where are primary language areas in the brain located?

A

left hemisphere,
broca’s area adjacent to motor cortex, incorporates programs for coordination of these muscles in speech

211
Q

what is the dorsal premotor speech are in control of?

A

voice pitch during speaking & singing
voluntary control of our larynx
codes pitch related acoustic features when listening

212
Q

New theory from Broca’s area

A

2 zones near Brocas
1. dorsal, larynx source
2. anterior filter supra tract

213
Q

do monkeys have voluntary control of their larynx?

A

no

214
Q

FEF

A

frontl eye field , 55b is sandwiched between human eye fields

215
Q

rhythm is specific to which two ..

A

humans and parrots

216
Q

BPS

A

beat perception and synchronization

217
Q

what evidence is that musicality is not a spandrel?

A

linguisticality and musicality can doubly dissociate

218
Q

childhood apraxia

A

impairment in spoken and written language
-mutation disrupting FOXP2 gene changes from G –> A

219
Q

FOXP2 GENE function

A

regulatory gene - downstream targets and interactors are entry points into neural pathways
heterozygous mutation in FOXP2 cause a rare severe speech and language disorder

220
Q

what problems did the KE family have?

A

-problems with rhythm and timing NOT pitch and melody

221
Q

what other species has the same FOXP2 variant as us?

A

neanderthals

222
Q

true or false: rhythm ability may be a stronger correlate with language than melody?

A

true

223
Q

difficulties people with congenital amusia have are

A

can’t sing in tune/retrieve tune
fail to detect pitch deviants
bad top down processing
poor feedback control between right inferior frontal gyrus and auditory cortex

224
Q

hominid

A

family that includes the great apes
pongo ( orangutans)
gorillas
Pan (chimpanzee and bonobo
homo (us)

225
Q

hominin

A

family that includes us and our extinct relatives after the split with pan

226
Q

bipedal

A

helpful for hunting or cooling and carrying

227
Q

loss of hair gives way too..

A

helpful for cooling and hunting

228
Q

tool making

A

advanced forms suggests imitation learning

229
Q

control of fire or cooking gave way to

A

more efficient digestion and therefore brain growth

230
Q

australopithecus

A

the singing hominin
-first evolved song, song came first

231
Q

homo habilis

A

gestural imitative learning where tools appear

232
Q

homo erectus

A

very successful species
- used fire and high tech tools
-gesture and song sequences, rituals

233
Q

heidelbergensis or antecessor

A

lexical protolanguage
propositional communication
built shelters
possible loss common ancestors of homo sapiens and homo neandertalenis

234
Q

neanderthalensis

A

coexisted and interbred with us

235
Q
A

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