psych 120 C Intro to Psychology Flashcards
Sigmund Freud believed…
the mind is responsible for both conscious and unconscious decisions that it makes on the basis of psychological drives. The id, ego, and super-ego are three aspects of the mind Freud believed to comprise a person’s personality.
what is the Social-cognitive theory?
(HINT Each action or attitude witnessed has the potential to change a person’s way of thinking.)
the idea that humans learn by observing others with the development of new behavior relying on cognition and the environment.
What is Observational learning?
learning by observing someone else’s behavior and its consequences
What is Reciprocal Determinism?
(HINT through external social stimulus events)
a person’s behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment.
Internal locus of control
believe that they, as opposed to external forces, have control over the outcome of events in their lives.
tend to believe that most of our outcomes are the direct result of our efforts.
External loss of control
tend to believe that our outcomes are outside of our control.
* Believe lives are controlled by other people, luck, or chance.
Encoding
involves the input of information into the memory system
Storage
is the retention of the encoded information
Retrieval
is getting the information out of memory and back into awarenes
Semantic encoding
(type of deep processing that focuses on the meaning of information rather than its sensory or structural characteristics.)
encoding of words and their meanings
Visual encoding
encoding of images
Acoustic encoding
encoding of sounds
Explicit (declarative) memory
memories of facts and events we can consciously remember and recall/declare
Explicit memories include two types
(HINT:Knowing who someone is and the other is knowing where,when, what of remebering
Semantic – knowledge about words, concepts and language.
- Knowing who the President is.
Episodic – information about events we have personally experienced.
- The what, where, when of an event.
Implicit memory/Procedural
(- E.g. how to ride a bike, tie your shoelaces, drive.) learnded through condioning
Implicit memory - memories that are not part of our consciousness.
- Formed through behaviors.
Procedural – stores information about how to do things.
Implicit memory also includes behaviors learned through
emotional conditioning.
- You might have a fear of spiders but not consciously
remember why or what occurred to condition that fear.
Suggestibility is…
the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the
creation of false memories.
- Can cause people to claim to remember something that was only a suggestion
someone made.
- An important area of study has been the role of suggestibility in eyewitness
testimonies.
Forgetting type
Transience is (storage decay)…
Absentmindedness is…
Blocking is….
Transience; Accessibility of memory decreases over time.
Absentmindedness; Forgetting caused by lapses in attention
Blocking; Accessibility of information is temporarily blocked
Distortion type
Distortion Misattribution is…
Distortion Bias is…
Misattribution; Source of memory is confused
Bias; Memories distorted by current belief system
Intrusion type: Persistence is…
Inability to forget undesirable memories
BIAS
Stereotypical bias
Egocentric bias
Hindsight bias (knew-it-all-along phenomenon)
Stereotypical bias - involves racial and gender biasesbased on steryotypes
Egocentric bias – the tendency to rely too heavily on one’s own perspective and/or have a higher opinion of oneself than reality.
Hindsight bias – the tendency to think an outcome was inevitable after the
fact.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
HINT 5 in total
SA.E.LB.S.P
- self actualization
- esteem
- love/belonging
- safety
- physiological
The Limbic System roles
Hypothalamus;
Thalamus (regulates sleep, alertness, and wakefulness.)
Amygdala (emotion info)
Hippocampus (memory)
Hypothalamus – main role is to keep the body in homeostasis as much as possible
Thalamus – to relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex. regulates sleep, alertness, and wakefulness.
Amygdala – plays a role in
processing emotional information and
sending it on to cortical structures.
Hippocampus – Its largest job is to hold short-term memories and transfer them to long-term storage in our brains.
Intrapersonal topics
HINT These skills, which relate to emotional intelligence, include things like: self-confidence. resilience.
skills are the internal abilities and behaviors that help you manage emotions, cope with challenges, and learn new information.
Fundamental attribution error
tendency to overemphasize internal factors as
explanations/attributions for the behavior of other people and underestimate the power of the situation
Actor-observer bias
HINT everyone is responsible for their own beahvior except for me)
Self-serving bias –
Actor-observer bias; phenomenon of explaining other people’s behaviors are due to
internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces.
Self-serving bias – the tendency to perceive oneself in an overly favorable manner. describes when we attribute positive events and successes to our own character or actions but blame negative results on external factors unrelated to our character
The Stanford Prison Experiment (1971)
Social norms required guards to be authoritarian and prisoners to
be submissive.
* Scripts influenced the way guards degraded the prisoners
A mock prison was constructed and participants (male college
students), were randomly assigned to play the role of prisoners or guards. In a very short amount of time, the guards started to harass the
prisoner in an increasingly sadistic manner.
* Prisoners began to show signs of severe anxiety and hopelessness The two week study had to be ended after six days
ATTITUDE 3 components
Affective component ( For example, ‘I feel scared when I think about or see a snake.)
Behavioral component(For example, ‘I think snakes are gross and dangerous so I’ll scream if i see one.)
Cognitive component (For example, “My boss is a mean person”)
- Affective component – how you feel about something or someone
- Behavioral component – the effect of the attitude on behavior.
- Cognitive component – belief and knowledge.
Cognitive dissonance
the discomfort a person feels when their behavior does not align with their values or beliefs.
Explicit/Implicit
Explicit – conscious and controllable.
Implicit – Unconscious and uncontrollable
Matching Hypothesis is a theory of…
HINT dating
people tend to pick someone they view as their equal in physical
attractiveness and social desirability.
Social exchange theory
Acting like naïve economists, people may keep track of the
costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship.
Words/sentences
Lexicon (mental dictionary);
Phoneme:
Semantics (how?):
Grammer:
Morphemes (small):
Syntax (structure);
Lexicon: words of a given
language.
Phoneme: sound unit (AH, EH
Semantics: meaning we derive
from words and morphemes
Grammer: set of rules that convey
meaning through use of lexicons
Morphemes: smallest units of
language that convey meaning
Syntax: the words are organized
into sentences
Problem-Solving Strategies
Trial and error;
Algorithm (steps);
Heuristic (mental shortcuts);
- Continue trying different solutions until problem is solved
- Step-by-step problem-solving formula
- simple strategies that humans, animals, organizations, and even machines use to quickly form judgments, make decisions, and find solutions
Anchoring bias-
Confirmation bias –
Hindsight bias –
Representative bias –
Availability heuristic –
- tendency to focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem
- tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs.
- leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it wasn’t
- tendency to unintentionally stereotype someone or something.
- tendency to make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience
that is readily available to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision
A single-blind study is when…
Participants do not know if they are in the experimental or control group
A negative correlation means
(one variable decreases as the other increases)
a relationship between two variables that move in opposite directions
A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.
Confounding
Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
Humanism
Wundt emphasized structuralism. He focused on understanding the structure and characteristics of the mind through _______.
introspection
Range of reaction -
asserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can
operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall.
Genetic environmental correlation -
For example, students with greater intellectual abilities may select classes that are more challenging, which further increases their knowledge.
For example, individuals who are characteristically extroverted may seek out very different social environments than those who are shy and withdrawn.
view of gene-environment interaction that
asserts our genes affect our environment, and our environment influences the expression of our genes.
Epigenetics -
the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work.
Acetylcholine –
muscle action and memory
Beta-endorphin –
pain and pleasure
Norepinephrine –
Heart, intestines, and alertness
Serotonin –
mood and sleep
Amygdala -
HINT truama/ helps decision-making
involved in our experience
of emotion and tying emotional meaning
to our memories. Involved in processing fear
Hippocampus -
learning and memory
Hypothalamus –
regulates homeostatic
processes including body temperature,
appetite and blood pressure.
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pituitary gland (hormones)
Thyroid (making of hormones)
adrenal gland (stress related)
gonad (sex)
pancreas (blood sugar)
Pituitary gland – makes, stores and releases hormones.
Thyroid – makes two main hormones: thyroxine (T-4) and triiodothyronine (T-3).
Adrenal gland - secretes hormones involved in
the stress response.
Gonad - secretes sex hormones, which are
important for successful reproduction, and
regulate sexual motivation and behavior.
Pancreas - secretes hormones that regulate
blood sugar.
Sleep Debt:
HINT is the difference between how much sleep you need and how much you actually get.
is result of insufficient sleep on chronic basis
Sleep rebound:
when a deprived individual
takes shorter time to fall asleep when
opportunity arises.
Carl Jung Believed that…
dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious
there to be four functions that control the way people view and act in the world. These functions are thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition.
Assimilation –
the cognitive process of making new information fit in with your existing understanding of the world.
Accommodation –
Change schemata based on new info
PARENTING STYLES
Authoritative style –
Authoritarian style –
Permissive style –
Uninvolved style –
- Authoritative style – parents give children reasonable demands and consistent
limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child’s point of view - Authoritarian style – parents place a high value on conformity and obedience,
are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child - Permissive style – parents make few demands and rarely use punishment
- Uninvolved style – parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to
as neglectful; they don’t respond to the child’s needs and make relatively few
demands.
Socioemotional selectivity theory –
as we get older, our social support and friendships dwindle in number, but
remain as close, if not more close than in our earlier year
Bottom up processing:
system in which
perception is built from sensory input.
Top down processing;
interpretation of
sensations is influenced by available
knowledge, experiences, and thoughts.
Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system?
homeostasis
Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.
REM
Night terrors are most common in ________ sleep.
3rd and 4th stage of non-rem sleep
