Psych 1102

Question 1

Rationalism

Answer 1

Method of understanding the world based on the use of reason as the means to attain knowledge.

Question 2

Empiricism

Answer 2

All knowledge comes from experience and there are no innate ideas as birth.

Question 3

Empiricism question

Answer 3

A question that could, in principle, be answered by making observations (collecting data).

Question 4

Hindsight bias

Answer 4

A tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that it was predictable.

Question 5

Overconfidence

Answer 5

On average, people tend to think they know more than they do.

Question 6

Availability heuristic

Answer 6

Things that come to mind easily are more likely to guide our thinking.

Question 7

Confirmatory hypothesis testing

Answer 7

Trying to support a favored hypothesis, without making any attempts to falsify it.

Question 8

Bias blind spot

Answer 8

Difficult for people to be aware of their own biases.

Question 9

Experimental group

Answer 9

Variable being tested is present.

Question 10

Control group

Answer 10

Variable being tested is not present.

Question 11

Confounds

Answer 11

Alternative explanations for an outcome.

Question 12

Frequency

Answer 12

How much does X happen?

Question 13

Association

Answer 13

Suggests that X and Y are often observed together.

Question 14

Causal

Answer 14

Suggests that X causes Y to happen.

Question 15

Correlation

Answer 15

The degree to which two measurements co-vary. Quantifies degree of association. A value between -1 and 1.

Question 16

Scatterplot

Answer 16

A type of plot showing how two values co-vary. Often used to illustrate correlation.

Question 17

Positive correlation

Answer 17

As the value of X increases, the value of Y increases.

Question 18

Negative correlation

Answer 18

As the value of X increases, the value of Y decreases.

Question 19

Near zero correlation

Answer 19

No clear relationship between X and Y.

Question 20

Covariance

Answer 20

Two variables (the cause and the effect) must be associated, either positively or negatively.

Question 21

Temporal precedence

Answer 21

The cause must come before the effect.

Question 22

Internal validity

Answer 22

There is no other plausible explanation for the effect (no confounds).

Question 23

Descriptive methods

Answer 23

Describe behaviors

Question 24

Correlational methods

Answer 24

Discover associations between variables

Question 25

Experimental methods

Answer 25

Manipulate variables to discover their effects

Question 26

Manipulated variable ( independent variable)

Answer 26

Something the researcher controls

Question 27

Measured variable (participant variables and dependent variables)

Answer 27

Something the researcher observed but does not directly control

Question 28

Participant variables

Answer 28

Characteristics of participants like age and gender

Question 29

Dependent variables

Answer 29

The outcome that is measured by the experiment. If the independent variable is the cause, the dependent variable is the effect.

Question 30

Theory

Answer 30

A general statement about how the world works

Question 31

Hypothesis

Answer 31

A prediction for how a particular study will turn out

Question 32

Data

Answer 32

A set of observations

Question 33

Face validity

Answer 33

How plausible a theory may sound

Question 34

Occam’s Razor

Answer 34

All things being equal, the simplest explanation is usually the correct one.

Question 35

Direct replication

Answer 35

Researchers repeat an original study as closely as they can

Question 36

Conceptual replication

Answer 36

Researchers study the same research question, but use different procedures

Question 37

Meta-analysis

Answer 37

A way of combining the results of many studies in order to estimate the effect size