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Psych 110 exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information processing tasks.

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2
Q

Cell Body (Soma)

A

part of a neuron that coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive.

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3
Q

Synapse

A

Junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another

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4
Q

Glial Cells

A

Support cells found in the nervous system

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5
Q

Myelin sheath

A

An insulating layer of fatter material

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6
Q

Axon

A

The part of a neuron that carries information to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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7
Q

Dendrite

A

The part of a neuron that receives information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body

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8
Q

Somatic Nervous system

A

A set of nerves that conveys information between voluntary muscles & the central nervous system

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9
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement

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10
Q

Hippocampus

A

A structure critical for creating new memories % integrating them into a network of knowledge so that they can be stored indefinitely in other parts of the cerebral cortex

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11
Q

Dopamine

A

A neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, & emotional arousal

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12
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

A set of nerves that carries involuntary & autonomic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands

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13
Q

Agonists

A

Drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter

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14
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

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15
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch

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16
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

A thick band of nerve fibers that connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain & supports communication of information across the hemisphere

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17
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning memory, & judgement

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18
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A subcortical structure that regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior

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19
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

REST AND DIGEST

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20
Q

Medulla

A

An extension of the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates heart rate, circulation, and respiration

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21
Q

Amygdala

A

A part of the limbic system that plays a central role in many emotional process, particularly the formation of emotional memories

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22
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Neurons that receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain via the spinal cord

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23
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language

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24
Q

Thalamus

A

A subcortical structure that relays & filters information from the senses & transmits the information to the cerebral cortex

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25
Glutamate
The major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
26
Norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter that is particularly involved in states of vigilance or heightened awareness of dangers in the environment
27
Action Potential
An electrical signal that is conducted along a neuron's axon to a synapse
28
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, and aggressive behavior.
29
Pituitary Gland
The "master gland" of the body's hormone-producing system, which releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands
30
Cerebellum
A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills
31
Tectum
A part of the midbrain that orientates an organism in the environment
32
Antagonist
Drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter
33
Sympathetic Nervous System
A set of nerves that prepare the body for action in challenging situations. FIGHT OR FLIGHT.
34
Encoding
The process of storing info in the brain
35
Working memory
a type of short term memory which is actively maintained
36
Nativism
Philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge can innate
37
Philosophical empiricism
Knowledge is acquired through experience
38
Structuralism
Each part of the brain serves a specific purpose and performs a specific function
39
Psychoanalysis theory
Studying the subconscious mind, bringing subconscious thought into awareness to better understand the mind and specifically some psychological disorders
40
Humanistic Psychology
Was a response to Fred's grim psychoanalytic theories: humanistic psychology emphasizes human potential and the positive side of people
41
Behaviorism
Studies people through their observable behavior which can be measured and repeated, Stimulus and Response
42
Gestalt psychology
People observe the whole, not the sum of the parts. Ex: two adjacent offset flashing lights as a single moving light
43
Behavioral Neuroscience
relationship between brain and behavior
44
Cognitive Neuroscience
relationship between brain and mind
45
Social Psychology
The study of sociality and its influence on people's behavior
46
Cultural Psychology
Study of how culture influences mental processes
47
Clinical Psychology
Study the functions of the brain by observing patients with mental disorders.
48
What philosopher advocated dualism?
Descartes
49
Student observers in Wundt's lab were asked to report on what?
Introspection
50
What is Darwins Theory?
Natural Selection
51
What is Natural selection?
process by which specific attributes that promote an organism's survival and reproduction become more prevalent in the population over time
52
Who invented a conditioning chamber in which rats pressed levers to earn food rewards?
B.F. Skinner
53
Jean piaget attempted to gain insight into the nature and development of the human mind by studying:
The perceptual and cognitive errors of children
54
What topic is least likely to be studied by cognitive psychologists?
Conformity
55
Who was John Watson largely influenced by?
Ivan Pavl
56
Evolutionary psychology
fight against behaviorism
57
Philosophical materialism
hobbes - all mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenomena
58
Whose idea was philosophical materialism?
Hobbes
59
Philosophical realism
perceptions of the physical world are produced entirely by information from the sensory organs
60
Philosophical idealism
perceptions of the physical world are the brain's interpretation of the information from the sensory organs.
61
Structuralism
an approach to psychology that attempted to isolate and analyze the mind's basic elements
62
Functionalism
an approach to psychology that emphasized the adaptive significance of mental processes
63
Who studied psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Frued
64
Who studied behaviorism?
Pavlov and Watson
65
Behaviorism
an approach to psychology that restricts inquiry to observable behavior
66
Theory
idea of how something works or a hypothetical explanation for a natural phenomenon
67
Hypothesis
falsifiable prediction made by a theory
68
Animal Research in psychology
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IAUC)`
69
Human research in psychology
Institutional Review Board
70
Critical thinking rule of thumb
doubt what you see, consider what you don't see
71
Type 1 error
false positive
72
type 2 error
false negative
73
External validity
attribute of an experiment in which variables have been operationally defined in a normal or realistic way
74
Dependent Variable
variable that will measure aggression
75
Independent variable
variable that can be manipulated
76
r =
-1 to 1
77
What is resting potential
-70 millivolts
78
What is action potential
40 millivolts
79
Central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
80
Peripheral nervous system
connects central nervous system to the body
81
Brain is necessary for what
learning, cognition, processing stimuli
82
spinal cord is necessary for
signal messaging to organs and muscles
83
Epigenetics
without altering the basic DNA sequences that constitute the genes themselves
84
Epigenetic marks
modification to DNA that can turn on or off genes
85
DNA methylation
gene silencing
86
Heritability
measure of the variability of behavior traits among individuals that can be accounted for by genetic factors
87
Do we investigate the brain?
H.M. , Phineas Gage, Broca's area

psych 110 (1 decks)

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