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psych 110 > Psych 110 exam 1 > Flashcards

Psych 110 exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons

A

cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information processing tasks.

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2
Q

Cell Body (Soma)

A

part of a neuron that coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive.

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3
Q

Synapse

A

Junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another

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4
Q

Glial Cells

A

Support cells found in the nervous system

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5
Q

Myelin sheath

A

An insulating layer of fatter material

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6
Q

Axon

A

The part of a neuron that carries information to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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7
Q

Dendrite

A

The part of a neuron that receives information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body

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8
Q

Somatic Nervous system

A

A set of nerves that conveys information between voluntary muscles & the central nervous system

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9
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement

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10
Q

Hippocampus

A

A structure critical for creating new memories % integrating them into a network of knowledge so that they can be stored indefinitely in other parts of the cerebral cortex

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11
Q

Dopamine

A

A neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, & emotional arousal

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12
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

A set of nerves that carries involuntary & autonomic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands

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13
Q

Agonists

A

Drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter

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14
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

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15
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch

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16
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

A thick band of nerve fibers that connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain & supports communication of information across the hemisphere

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17
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning memory, & judgement

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18
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A subcortical structure that regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior

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19
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

REST AND DIGEST

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20
Q

Medulla

A

An extension of the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates heart rate, circulation, and respiration

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21
Q

Amygdala

A

A part of the limbic system that plays a central role in many emotional process, particularly the formation of emotional memories

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22
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Neurons that receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain via the spinal cord

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23
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language

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24
Q

Thalamus

A

A subcortical structure that relays & filters information from the senses & transmits the information to the cerebral cortex

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25
Q

Glutamate

A

The major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

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26
Q

Norepinephrine

A

A neurotransmitter that is particularly involved in states of vigilance or heightened awareness of dangers in the environment

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27
Q

Action Potential

A

An electrical signal that is conducted along a neuron’s axon to a synapse

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28
Q

Serotonin

A

A neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, and aggressive behavior.

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29
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

The “master gland” of the body’s hormone-producing system, which releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands

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30
Q

Cerebellum

A

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills

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31
Q

Tectum

A

A part of the midbrain that orientates an organism in the environment

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32
Q

Antagonist

A

Drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter

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33
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

A set of nerves that prepare the body for action in challenging situations. FIGHT OR FLIGHT.

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34
Q

Encoding

A

The process of storing info in the brain

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35
Q

Working memory

A

a type of short term memory which is actively maintained

36
Q

Nativism

A

Philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge can innate

37
Q

Philosophical empiricism

A

Knowledge is acquired through experience

38
Q

Structuralism

A

Each part of the brain serves a specific purpose and performs a specific function

39
Q

Psychoanalysis theory

A

Studying the subconscious mind, bringing subconscious thought into awareness to better understand the mind and specifically some psychological disorders

40
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

Was a response to Fred’s grim psychoanalytic theories: humanistic psychology emphasizes human potential and the positive side of people

41
Q

Behaviorism

A

Studies people through their observable behavior which can be measured and repeated, Stimulus and Response

42
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

People observe the whole, not the sum of the parts. Ex: two adjacent offset flashing lights as a single moving light

43
Q

Behavioral Neuroscience

A

relationship between brain and behavior

44
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

relationship between brain and mind

45
Q

Social Psychology

A

The study of sociality and its influence on people’s behavior

46
Q

Cultural Psychology

A

Study of how culture influences mental processes

47
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

Study the functions of the brain by observing patients with mental disorders.

48
Q

What philosopher advocated dualism?

A

Descartes

49
Q

Student observers in Wundt’s lab were asked to report on what?

A

Introspection

50
Q

What is Darwins Theory?

A

Natural Selection

51
Q

What is Natural selection?

A

process by which specific attributes that promote an organism’s survival and reproduction become more prevalent in the population over time

52
Q

Who invented a conditioning chamber in which rats pressed levers to earn food rewards?

A

B.F. Skinner

53
Q

Jean piaget attempted to gain insight into the nature and development of the human mind by studying:

A

The perceptual and cognitive errors of children

54
Q

What topic is least likely to be studied by cognitive psychologists?

A

Conformity

55
Q

Who was John Watson largely influenced by?

A

Ivan Pavl

56
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

fight against behaviorism

57
Q

Philosophical materialism

A

hobbes
- all mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenomena

58
Q

Whose idea was philosophical materialism?

A

Hobbes

59
Q

Philosophical realism

A

perceptions of the physical world are produced entirely by information from the sensory organs

60
Q

Philosophical idealism

A

perceptions of the physical world are the brain’s interpretation of the information from the sensory organs.

61
Q

Structuralism

A

an approach to psychology that attempted to isolate and analyze the mind’s basic elements

62
Q

Functionalism

A

an approach to psychology that emphasized the adaptive significance of mental processes

63
Q

Who studied psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Frued

64
Q

Who studied behaviorism?

A

Pavlov and Watson

65
Q

Behaviorism

A

an approach to psychology that restricts inquiry to observable behavior

66
Q

Theory

A

idea of how something works or a hypothetical explanation for a natural phenomenon

67
Q

Hypothesis

A

falsifiable prediction made by a theory

68
Q

Animal Research in psychology

A

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IAUC)`

69
Q

Human research in psychology

A

Institutional Review Board

70
Q

Critical thinking rule of thumb

A

doubt what you see, consider what you don’t see

71
Q

Type 1 error

A

false positive

72
Q

type 2 error

A

false negative

73
Q

External validity

A

attribute of an experiment in which variables have been operationally defined in a normal or realistic way

74
Q

Dependent Variable

A

variable that will measure aggression

75
Q

Independent variable

A

variable that can be manipulated

76
Q

r =

A

-1 to 1

77
Q

What is resting potential

A

-70 millivolts

78
Q

What is action potential

A

40 millivolts

79
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

80
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

connects central nervous system to the body

81
Q

Brain is necessary for what

A

learning, cognition, processing stimuli

82
Q

spinal cord is necessary for

A

signal messaging to organs and muscles

83
Q

Epigenetics

A

without altering the basic DNA sequences that constitute the genes themselves

84
Q

Epigenetic marks

A

modification to DNA that can turn on or off genes

85
Q

DNA methylation

A

gene silencing

86
Q

Heritability

A

measure of the variability of behavior traits among individuals that can be accounted for by genetic factors

87
Q

Do we investigate the brain?

A

H.M. , Phineas Gage, Broca’s area

psych 110 (1 decks)

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