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psych 108 midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

cognitive pschology

A

The empirical investigation of mental processes and brain structures involved in acquiring, encoding, using, and storing information; what you see attend to, remember, know, interpret

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2
Q

metacognition

A

we may think about our own though processes, think about thinking

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3
Q

zeitgeist

A

time spirit, the ideas prevalent in a period and place, ex: decades and generations; Provides a mental set that defines how people see the issues

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4
Q

mental set

A

perspective and/or set of assumptions that define how people view a problem and what type of solutions you attempt, often constraining alternative approaches in some fundamental manner; define zeitgeist and drive researchers focus

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5
Q

insight problems

A

Problems that require overcoming some sort of mental set in order to solve
́ Typically associated with an “aha” experience

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6
Q

examples of zeitgeist

A

Structuralism
́ Functionalism
́ Behaviorism
́ Cognitive Psychology
́ Cognitive Neuroscience

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7
Q

structuralism mental set

A

The mind and its perceptions can be understood by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent components

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8
Q

structuralism method

A

introspection

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9
Q

structuralism main proponent

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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9
Q

introspection

A

looking inward at pieces of information passing through consciousness

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10
Q

problems with introspection

A

-Introspections can be wrong
-cannot introspect on all processes
-Different people get/ produce different results

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11
Q

problems with reducing mind to structure

A

overlooks dynamic processes

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12
Q

functionalism mental set

A

The mind is best understood by examining the processes of mind rather than its contents; focus on the functional value of psychological processes

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13
Q

functionalism method

A

introspection, observation, experiments

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14
Q

functionalism proponents

A

William James

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15
Q

William James

A

-American philosopher/psychologist at the turn of the century
́-Master of characterizing subjective experiences
́-coined the term “stream of consciousness” to emphasize that it is a process and not discrete elements

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16
Q

functionalism problem

A

heavy reliance on introspection

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17
Q

associationism(behaviorism) mental set

A

connectionistic, reductionistic, environmental

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18
Q

connectionistic

A

Learning results from the co-occurrence of events or actions that occur at the same time

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19
Q

reductionistic

A

Complex behavior can be explained by understanding
the simple associations on which it is based.

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20
Q

environmental

A

Assumes all aspects of behavior are learned

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21
Q

behaviorism proponents

A

locke, ebbinghaus, thorndike, skinner

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22
Q

behaviorism mental set

A

Reductionistic: Believed that an understanding of memory could be reduced to the formation of simple associations among nonsense syllables:

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23
Q

ebbinghaus behaviorism procedure

A

careful experimentation
́ developed first experimental examination of memory
́ quantified his results
́ demonstrated the viability of an experimental examination of memory

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24
Q

nonsense syllable procedure

A

keep studying until two perfect reproductions

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25
Q

measures of retention

A

recall, recollection, savings

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26
Q

recall

A

try to remember studied items

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27
Q

free recall

A

order is not important

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28
Q

serial recall

A

recall in order studied

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29
Q

recollection

A

Try to distinguish studied from non-studied items; recognition

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30
Q

savings

A

Number of repetitions required to re-memorize a list

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31
Q

serial positon curve(ebbinghaus)

A

Tend to remember the first and last items studied the best

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32
Q

forgetting(ebbinghaus)

A

Forgetting curve; initially rapid, then slows down

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33
Q

overlearning(ebbinghaus)

A

Additional rehearsals past mastery results in
- Slower forgetting
- Greater savings in relearning

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34
Q

recent behaviorism mental set

A

Exclusive focus on behavior
́-Believed that internal representations were beyond the scope of science
-Limited to operationally defined behaviors
-All behavior can be understood in terms of a set of
relatively basic learning principles
́-All behaviors are learned

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35
Q

primary principles

A

classical conditioning, operant conditioning

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36
Q

classical conditioning

A

Associating a biological responses to la earned stimulus
- Bell causes salivary response

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37
Q

operant conditioning

A

Associating a learned response to a learned stimulus ́
-Uses rewards & punishment to influence behavior
ex: Learn to clean your room for money

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38
Q

behaviorism

A

The theory that behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning (classical and operant), without appeal to thoughts or feelings

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39
Q

problems with behaviorism

A

-Not all associations are equally learnable
-There’s more to behavior than simple paired associations
-Learning is possible even if not personally reinforced
-Does not account for information processing
-channel capacity
-chunking

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40
Q

channel capacity

A

upper limit on the amount of information that can be transmitted
-Led to the notion of capacity in human memory ́
-7 plus or minus 2

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41
Q

chunking

A

-group input events
-apply new name
-remember name rather than input

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42
Q

computer method

A

-Mental processes are similar to the operations of a computer.
́-Information progresses through the cognitive system in a series of stages, one step at a time.
́-Three of stages information processing

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43
Q

short term memory(RAM) working memory

A

the capacity for holding, but not manipulating, a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time
-Limited capacity (7 +/- 2 items
-Fades quickly (within about 20-30 sec)

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44
Q

long term memory (hard drive)

A

memory responsible for the storage of information for an extended period of time.
-Unlimited capacity
-Fades modestly (more slowly than short-term memory)

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45
Q

sensory memory

A

brief storage of information from each of the senses.
-Very large capacity
-Fades very quickly (within milliseconds)

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46
Q

sensation

A

Detecting sensory events (e.g. experiencing light hitting our eyes)

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47
Q

perception

A

Interpreting sensory events (e.g. recognizing a flash of light as lightning)

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48
Q

size constancy

A

Our perception of an object’s size remains relatively constant, even when we view the object from different distances.

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49
Q

shape constancy

A

We perceive an object as having the same shape regardless of its orientation or the angle from which we view it.

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50
Q

depth cues

A

Monocular or binocular sources of information that convey information about relative distance of objects

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51
Q

gestalt psychologists

A

investigated the basic principles that allow us to understand which aspects of a visual scene belong together and which come from separate objects.

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52
Q

gestalt psychology

A

Developed theories of perception based on the notion that the whole is more than the sum of its parts (this is the key idea behind their psychology).
-You can’t just look at individual objects in isolation.
-You must look at them in relation to each other to understand them.

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53
Q

laws of perceptual organization

A

proximity, similarity, symmetry, closure

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54
Q

proximity

A

objects that are near one another in space or time are perceived as belonging together

55
Q

similarity

A

items that are similar tend to be grouped together

56
Q

symmetry

A

objects which are symmetrical are more likely to be group together
-looking at an image and perceiving it as a whole figure instead of its individual parts

57
Q

closure

A

the mind may experience elements it does not perceive through sensation, in order to complete a regular figure; increase regularity

58
Q

figure ground segregation

A

A type of perceptual organization in which we identify a figure from the background.

59
Q

object recognition theories

A

template theory, feature theory

60
Q

template theories

A

Template theories: a miniature copy or template of each known pattern is stored in long-term memory

61
Q

problems with template theories

A

-Not adaptable (can’t explain how we understand new experiences)
-Imposes large storage requirements.

62
Q

feature theories

A

patterns consist of a set of specific features or attributes; pandemonium model; elementary features can combine to form multiple objects

63
Q

feature theories problems

A

Does NOT account for top- down processes.

64
Q

bottom up process

A

Process by which we construct a perception by analyzing
information falling on our receptors (e.g., on our retinas).
-Actual physical characteristics of stimulus drive perception (data-based perception)
realism

65
Q

realism

A

we see the world as it literally is; world is always perceived as it truly is

66
Q

top down process

A

Knowledge, expectations, or thoughts influence perception (e.g., changing “brainstorm” to “green needle” through your thoughts); ignores motion

67
Q

word superiority effect

A

We can identify a single letter more quickly and accurately when it appear in a meaningful word than when it appears alone or in a meaningless string of letters.

68
Q

change blindness

A

Failure to detect a change in an object or a scene; Top down processes interfere with noticing change in details

69
Q

change blindness blindness

A

People tend to not appreciate how vulnerable they are to change blindness

70
Q

intentional blindness

A

When we fail to notice when an unexpected but completely visible object suddenly appears.

71
Q

implications of inattentional and change blindness

A

overactive top down processing

72
Q

overactive top down processing

A

The visual system is fairly accurate in creating the “gist” or
general interpretation of a scene.
-conceptual understanding interferes with noticing changes of perceptual details, even very significant ones

73
Q

James Gibson’s Ecological Approach to visual perception

A

Emphasis on how features of environment determine perception (i.e., bottom-up processes)

74
Q

invariances

A

aspects of the visual array that do not change (i.e., they’re “invariant,” or “don’t vary”

75
Q

optical flow patterns

A

information seems to expand outward from the point towards which one is moving; The ability to stay on course involves keeping the unchanging (invariant) center of the optical flow pattern centered on the desired destination.

76
Q

interaction of boot up and top down processes

A

Bottom-up processes
-Motion invariances allow detection of underlying structure
́ Top-down processes
-Knowledge influences perception

77
Q

paint light displays

A

Detect walking vs. running, and gender, weight, mood, with 10-15 lights
-Bottom-up processes: Motion invariances allow detection of underlying structure
-Top-down processes: Knowledge allow us to recognize the lights as human motion (and we can even detect gender, weight, and mood of a person!

78
Q

depth perception

A

A further illustration of interaction of bottom up and top down processing
- We often use our own experiences to infer depth from multiple visual cues

79
Q

monocular depth cues

A

Cues that can provide depth information with one eye closed

80
Q

binocular depth cues

A

cues that require both eyes

81
Q

linear perspective

A

Parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance.

82
Q

aerial perspective

A

distant objects appear more hazy

83
Q

interposition

A

overlapped object appears further away

84
Q

shadows and shading

A

With a known light source shading and shadows can inform which object is closer to the light source.

85
Q

familiar size

A

Knowledge of the size of familiar objects used to gauge depth

86
Q

motion parallax

A

Closer target appears to move more quickly and in reverse direction to the observer’s movement
-Further target appears to move slowly in the same direction.

87
Q

binocular disparity

A

Images appear different to each eye as a function of object distance: This “disparity” provides depth info

88
Q

binocular convergence

A

Rotation of eyes indicates object distance
Large difference in rotation = close
small difference = far

89
Q

illusions

A

Illusions reveal constraints/biases on perception
́ Constraints are perceptual assumptions that we make ́ Usually correct but occasionally wrong
́ When wrong, illusion results
́ Illusions come from helpful processes
́ Without constraints, no perception at all!
́ Our perceptual system is biased to emphasize important aspects

90
Q

mueller lyer illusion

A

Left line must be farther away; this must mean it’s bigger than it appears.

91
Q

Shepard table illusion

A

Placement of the legs and table siding makes you see the table on the left as being longer than the table on the right

92
Q

contrast detection

A

We perceive objects relative to the other nearby objects

93
Q

color constancy

A

Color constancy: perceived color of objects remains relatively constant under varying illumination conditions

94
Q

shepard tone illusion

A

Auditory illusion of a tone that seems to continually ascend or descend in pitch, yet which ultimately gets no higher or lower

95
Q

expectancy effect

A

Expectations allow us to hear more than is specified,

96
Q

mcgurk effect

A

See GA
Hear BA
Experience DA
́-top down processes integrate perceptual and auditory cues leading to the experience of compromise phoneme

97
Q

attention

A

The concentration of awareness on some stimulus to the exclusion of other stimuli.
-attention is narrow

98
Q

limits of attention

A

Trying to attend to everything at once is more than the cognitive processes can handle.
* Instead, we selectively concentrate on important things and ignore less-important things.

99
Q

divided attention

A

Attempting to pay attention to several different things at the same time; multitasking
-people perform better when working on one task; takes time to reorient following a switch

100
Q

dichotic listening

A

-One message presented to left ear and a different message presented to right ear
* Shadow one of the messages
* People notice very little about the unattended message.

101
Q

dichotic listening findings

A

People miss some info from the unattended channel
-Same message, different times
-Changed language
People retain some info from the unattended channel
-Physical characteristics
-Tone of voice

102
Q

Broadbent’s filter theory

A

Early selective filter allows people to attend to one channel based on physical characteristics

103
Q

problems with filter theory

A
  1. Cocktail party phenomenon: People notice their own name in the unattended channel
    ́ 2. People follow the meaning in the unattended channel
    ́ These findings demonstrate that meaning is processed in unattended channel (not good for filter theory).
104
Q

treismans filter amplitude theory

A

Filter turns down the “volume” on unattended channel ́
-filter is not all-or-none

105
Q

Deutsch and Deutsch late selection theory

A

All incoming stimuli are processed, however quickly forget one channel
́ Evidence: People show evidence of processing the semantic content of the unattended channel even if they don’t remember it

106
Q

Perceptual load theory

A

Everyone has limited attentional capacity
-The amount of attentional capacity allocated to the main task (attended channel) depends on the perceptual load of the main task.
-Low perceptual load: hearing the numbers 1-10
-High perceptual load: listening to a lecture on quantum
mechanics
- Early selection occurs when load is high; late selection occurs when load is low

107
Q

unattended channel processing

A

depends on
1. The relevance of the unattended info
2. The demands of processing the attended info

108
Q

visual search

A

Find a target in a visual display with numerous distractors (e.g., Where’s Waldo)

109
Q

isolated

A

If the target differed from “distractors” with respect to a simple feature such as color, observers can quickly detect the target

110
Q

combined

A

When the distractor items force you to search for a combination of features (both green and T), visual search takes longer.

111
Q

variables influencing visual search

A
  1. the isolated-feature/combined-feature effect
  2. The feature-present/feature-absent effect.
112
Q

feature present feature absent effect

A

People can typically locate a feature that is present more quickly than a feature that is absent.

113
Q

automacity

A

-Occur without intention
-Relatively unconscious
-Consume no conscious resources
ex: riding a bike

114
Q

the stroop effect

A

say the color of the word not the the color the word says

115
Q

controlled processes

A
  1. Require intention
  2. Conscious
  3. Consume resources
116
Q

conscious awareness

A

People have relatively complete access to some thought processes, but only limited access to other thought processes.

117
Q

three levels of consciousness

A

non-conscious, experiential conscious, meta-conscious/awareness

118
Q

non-conscious

A

Information that is below the surface of
awareness

119
Q

experiential conscious

A

ongoing experience; current contents of experience

120
Q

meta-conscious/awareness

A

One’s explicit understanding of the current contents of experience

121
Q

lucid dreaming

A

a type of dream wherein the dreamer becomes aware that they are dreaming.

122
Q

subliminal perception

A

The effects of stimuli that are presented below the threshold of awareness

123
Q

priming

A

Presentation of a priming word/object just before another word/object leads to facilitated processing of the second word/object if they are related

124
Q

unconscious priming

A

Automatic priming from one object to the next

125
Q

thought suppression

A

he attempt to keep thoughts and/or images out of consciousness

126
Q

rebound effect

A

Initial suppression of specific thoughts can produce an emergence of those thoughts after we stop trying to suppress them.

127
Q

translation dissociations

A

Meta-awareness misrepresents the contents of experience; Occurs when, in the process or reflection, individuals embellish, distort, or neglect aspects of their experience

128
Q

temporal dissociations

A

Experiences we have in the absence of meta-awareness
́-Occurs when individuals temporarily fail to take stock of their experience

129
Q

components of meta awareness

A
  1. Unconscious tacit monitoring of cognitions
    ́ Occur continuously
  2. Conscious experience
    ́ Continues continuously through waking hours
  3. Meta-awareness only occurs intermittently
    ́ Spontaneously noticing lapses ́ Request of self-report
    ́ Natural introspection
130
Q

self caught mind wandering

A

Reported mind wandering every time they noticed it ́ Mind wandering with meta-awareness

131
Q

Probe-Caught Mind Wandering

A

Periodically pinged and asked “just now, were you mind
wandering?”
́ Mind wandering without meta-awareness
-Suggests mind wandering without meta-awareness is especially disruptive

132
Q

effects of alcohol

A

increases lapses
reduces awareness of lapses
increased unaware mind wandering
doubled frequency of probe caught mind wandering
reduced meta awareness(less self caught mind wandering)

133
Q

Bruner potter paradigm

A

Out of focus images more difficult to recognize if they are initially presented in a very out of focus level
-Very out of focus level creates a mental set that impairs identification

134
Q
A

psych 108 (1 decks)

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