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THAS 102 > PSYCH 104 MIDTERMS > Flashcards

PSYCH 104 MIDTERMS Flashcards

1
Q

What are errors of perception?

A
  • behavior is more complex than it may seem
  • our personal experiences are limited (we don’t see or know everything)
  • we are biased and prone to errors as humans
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2
Q

What is naive realism?

A

The belief that we see the world as it is, no distortions, our opinion is fact ( ex a horizon is flat, not round which prompts people to believe that the earth is flat)

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3
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

The tendency to notice evidence that confirms our pre existing beliefs ( when you already believe something, you notice supporting evidence and disregard and contradicting points)

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4
Q

What is belief perseverance?

A

The tendency to maintain existing beliefs despite contradictory evidence ( ex not believing you did a good job because you felt insecure about your performance so you disagree with people’s compliments.)

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5
Q

What is a scientific theory?

A

An explanation for a large # of findings in the natural world, the general explanations present in a scientific theory lead to specific predictions. It is able to be tested methodically and the results of the theory will either support or fail to support the theory.

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6
Q

What is psych?

A

A scientific study of the mind, brain and behavior that provides an understanding of various phenomenon and allows us to predict behavior and mental processes.

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7
Q

What is validity?

A

The extent to which an instrument is measuring what it is intended to measure.

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8
Q

What is internal validity?

A

The extent to which we can draw cause and effect inferences (you can be more confident in the statement)

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9
Q

What is external validity?

A

The extent to which we can generalize findings (generalize our findings from a study from other groups)

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10
Q

What are the 4 research designs?

A

1) case study
2) naturalistic observation
3) correlation design
4) experimental design

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11
Q

What is correlational design?

A

Investigates relationships between variables without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them. This reflects the strength and/or direction of the relationship between 2 or more variables.

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12
Q

What is a neuron?

A

The lego bricks that make us up. Brain cells that are specialized in communicating with one another, approx 86 billion neurons with 160 trillion synaptic connections.

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13
Q

2 types of neuronal communication?

A

Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers that allow neuron to neuron communication
Synapses: space between neurons where the neurotransmitters travel

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14
Q

5 types of neurotransmitters

A

1) Glutamate & GABA
2) Acetylcholine
3) monamines
4) neuropeptides
5) anandamides

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15
Q

What is Glutamate & GABA

A
  • most common neurotransmitter
  • associated with learning & memory
  • Glutamate is excitatory ( ex studying for exams)
  • GABA is inhibitory (hinders) ( ex remembering a persons name)
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16
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A
  • influences arousal, selective attention, sleep and memory
  • neurons that connect to muscles release acetylcholine to trigger movement ( ex playing a sport or anytime you are moving)
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17
Q

What is monamines?

A
  • norepinephrine: brain arousal, mood, hunger, sleep ( ex you are stressed)
  • dopamine:motor function and reward (getting a text from your crush)
  • serotonin: mood, temperature regulation, aggression and sleep cycles ( ex finishing a long project)
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18
Q

What are neuropeptides?

A
  • some neuropeptides regulate hunger
  • other neuropeptides influence learning and memory
  • endorphins are a type of neuropeptide that relieves pain (ex exercising, having sex)
  • synthetic opioids act on the endorphin system
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19
Q

What are amandamides?

A
  • bind to the same receptors as THC
  • influence eating, motivation,memory and sleep (ex munchies)
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20
Q

What is plasticity?

A

The nervous systems ability to change over time in response to development, learning, injury and degeneration.

21
Q

Plasticity & Development

A

1) Growth - we can grow new dendrites (where a neuron receives input from other cells) and axons (the elongated portion of the neuron located in the center of the cell between the soma and axon terminals)
2) SYNAPTOGENESIS - forming new synapses or communication between neurons
3) pruning - removing connections that are useless to us to help clear up space
4) myelination - insulation of the axons, this helps with efficient communication along the axon

22
Q

Plasticity & learning

A

1) synaptogenesis - as we learn, our body needs to respond to that (ie learning how to walk)
2) potentiation - strengthening of existing connections between neurons
3) structural plasticity - plasticity of structural part of neuron

23
Q

Plasticity & injury

A

1) neurogenesis - there is plasticity with injury (ie concussion, PTSD, TNI)
2) stem cells - can become many different things

24
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS)

A
  • sensory info comes in and decisions go out
  • protected by meningenes and ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CFS)
25
Q

6 parts of the CNS

A

1) cerebral cortex
2) basal ganglia
3) limbic system
4) cerebellum
5) brain stem
6) spinal cord

26
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A
  • divided into systems based on location & function
  • 2 cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum
27
Q

What is the frontal lobe?

A
  • assists in motor functions, language and memory
  • monitors and organizes most other brain functions Broca’s area involved in speech production
  • motor cortex has body mapped
  • prefrontal cortex responsible for thinking, planning and language
28
Q

What is the parietal lobe?

A

Contains the somatosensory cortex ( pressure, pain and temp) and communicates info to the motor cortex each time we reach, grasp or move our eyes

29
Q

What is the temporal lobe?

A

Involved in hearing (auditory complex) language comprehension (wernickes area) and storing autobiographical memories

30
Q

What is the occipital lobe?

A

For vision.

31
Q

What is the corpus collosum?

A

Lobes of cerebral cortex exists in each hemisphere
Corpus callosum facilitates communication between the hemispheres
Split brain patients

32
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

“Emotional center” with smells, motivation and memory
Hypothalamus - controls body states and pituitary glands (ptsd)
Thalamus - relays info from the sense organs to primary sensory cortex
Amygdala - fear, excitement, arousal (ptsd)
Hippocampus - spatial memory ( damage impairs ability to form new memories)

33
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

“ little brain”
Sense of balance
Coordinates movement
Motor skills
Contributes to executive memory, spatial and linguistic abilities

34
Q

What is the brain stem?

A

Connect cerebral cortex and spinal cord
Basic bodily functions
Midbrain - tracks visual stimuli and reflexes triggered by sound
Pons - connects cortex to cerebellum,triggers dreams
Medulla - regulates breathing, heartbeat and other vital functions
Reticular activating system - connects forebrain and the cerebral cortex, plays key role is arousal

35
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nerves that extend outside the CNS
2 branches (somatic nervous system, which controls movement and the autonomic system which controls the involuntary actions of our organs ie adrenaline)

36
Q

What is the automatic nervous system response?

A

Sympathetic - what we experience when we perceive a threat aka flight flight or freeze, which all affects our adrenal glands
Parasympathetic - your body is at rest because it knows you are safe.

37
Q

What is brain mapping?

A
  • phrenology
  • brain damage
  • electroenceohalograph (EEG)
  • brain scans
38
Q

What is norepinephrine?

A

Brain arousal, mood, hunger and sleep (you are stressed)

39
Q

What is dopamine?

A

Motor function & reward (associated with Parkinson’s) think eating chocolate.

40
Q

What is anandamides?

A

Eating, motivation, memory, sleep (hungry, think munchies)

41
Q

What is rival hypothesis?

A

An alternate explanation for the same set of data aka another way of explaining the same results

42
Q

What is occams razor?

A

The principle that no more assumptions should be made than necessary.

43
Q

What are the difference fallacy’s?

A

1) attribution fallacy - observers underestimate situational/environmental factors while judging others behavior
2) emotional reasoning fallacy -basing your view on situations based on how you feel at the moment
3) pathetic fallacy - attribution of human emotion to inanimate objects,nature or animals
4) bandwagon fallacy - believing something is true just because everyone else believes it.

44
Q

What is pseudoscience?

A

Claims that seem scientific but are not. Lacks safeguards against confirmation and belief perseverance.
Signs include exaggerated claims, reliance on anecdotes, failure to self correct and using confusing jargon.

45
Q

What is existence proof?

A

Demonstration that a given psychological phenomenon can occur.

46
Q

What is phrenology?

A
  • bumps on the skull believed to be linked to enlargements of the brain (linked to psychological tendencies)
  • damage in specific areas did not result in the deficits predicted.
47
Q

What is an electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

Measures electrical activity by the brain using multiple electrodes, then patterns and sequences give inferences (shows average neural activity)

48
Q

What are the 4 different brain scans?

A

Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used to visualize the brains structure.
Positron emission tomography (PET) measures changes in the brains activity in response to stimuli
Functional mri (FMRI) measures change in blood oxygen levels as an indicator of activity, measures second by second
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) measures electrical activity, measures millisecond by millisecond so it is the most accurate.
MRI is superior at visualizing soft tissue (tumors)

49
Q

What is heritability?

A

The % of the variability in a trait across individuals that is the result of genes
Extent to which genes contribute differences in a trait among individuals

THAS 102 (3 decks)

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