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Psych 104 > Psych 104 Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Psych 104 Midterm #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

An organism’s actions in response to stimuli, either internal or external, is called this

A

Behaviour

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2
Q

A change in heritable traits in a population over time is known as this

A

Evolution

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3
Q

This is the most common type of evolution, often called survival of the fittest

A

Natural Selection

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4
Q

These are the basic unit of heredity and how traits are passed on and received

A

Genes

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5
Q

What are the basic DNA genes? (4 of them)

A

Adenine (A) and Thymine (T)

Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C)

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6
Q

A complete sequence of genetic material for an organism is referred to as this

A

Genome

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7
Q

This is a chemical substance containing nucleotides

A

DNA

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8
Q

These are strands of DNA wound around each other

A

Chromosomes (2 copies of each chromosome, 23 pairs, so 46 in total)

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9
Q

Specific genetic makeup is called this

A

Genotype

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10
Q

Observable characteristics due to genetic makeup is known as this

A

Phenotype

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11
Q

A lasting change in gene function during development, not caused by genes themselves, is called this

A

Epigenetics

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12
Q

This is the method of joining two or more DNA molecules together to create a hybrid

A

Recombinant DNA

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

complete removal of a gene or just making it non-functinal is called this procedure

A

Gene knockout procedure

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15
Q

The estimate of how much a characteristic is due to genetic factor

A

Heritability Coefficient

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16
Q

The rate of co-occurance of a characteristic among individuals

A

Concordance Rate

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17
Q

This is the name of of the range of possibilities you can inherit

A

Reaction Range

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18
Q

These are the big 5 personality traits

A

Openness,conscientiousness, Extrovertness/introvertness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

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19
Q

These are the two types of Adaptations

A

Broad and Domain specific

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20
Q

When there is one female and many males

A

Polyandry

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21
Q

When there is many females and one male

A

Polygyny

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22
Q

When there is many females and many males

A

Polygynandry

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23
Q

When one individual helps another and gains some advantage

A

Cooperation

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24
Q

When one individual helps another, but there are some costs involved

A

Altruism

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25
Q

Stimulation of sense organs (sensory nerves)

A

Sensation

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26
Q

The selection, organization and interpretation of sensory input

A

Perception

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27
Q

How physical stimuli are translated into psychological experiences

A

Psychophysics

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28
Q

Any detectable input from the environment

A

Stimulus

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29
Q

This is the minimum amount of stimulus an organism can detect accurately 50% of the time

A

Absolute threshold

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30
Q

The Smallest difference in the amount that a specific sense can detect

A

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

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31
Q

This law states that the size of the JND is a constant (weber fraction) that is proportional to the size of the initial stimulus

A

Webers law

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32
Q

This law states that perception is subjective as intensity gets bigger the the JND gets smaller and vise versa

A

Fechner’s law

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33
Q

This theory states that detection of a stimuli involves a decision process as well as a sensory process

A

Signal Detection Theory

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34
Q

This is the registration of sensory input without conscious awareness

A

Subliminal Perception

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35
Q

This is the gradual decline in sensory due to prolonged stimulation

A

Sensory Adaptation

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36
Q

The numbers of cycles/waves per second measured in hertz is known as this in the auditory system

A

Frequency

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37
Q

The distance between waves and measured in M or MM, in the auditory system is known as this

A

Wavelength

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38
Q

In the auditory system how clean the waves are (how much timber there is) determines this

A

Purity

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39
Q

The Pinna and Ear canal are apart of this in the ear

A

The outer ear

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40
Q

The eardrum (tympanic membrane) and the ossicles are apart of this in the ear

A

The middle ear

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41
Q

these are the parts of the ossicles

A

Midas, incus, stapes

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42
Q

The cochlea (a liquid filled organ) is apart of this section of the ear

A

The inner ear

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43
Q

This is the swirly part of the cochlea

A

Basilar membrane

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44
Q

This theory states that pith production corresponds to location of vibrations along the basilar membrane

A

Place theory

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45
Q

This theory states that to detect pith, the entire basilar membrane vibrates and how it moved determines the pitch

A

Frequency theory

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46
Q

when there is something physically wrong with the ear, you have this type of deafness

A

Conductive deafness

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47
Q

When the nerve connection or brain is damaged you have this type of deafness

A

Nerve deafness

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48
Q

These are the five tastes

A

salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami

49
Q

The Gustatory and olfactory are this type of sense

A

Chemical sneses

50
Q

These are the three stimuli for the Tactile system

A

Mechanical, thermal, chemical

51
Q

You perceive pressure through this cortex

A

Somatosensory cortex

52
Q

This theory states that we control how much pain we feel, by blocking it

A

Gate control theory

53
Q

These two neurotransmitters help with blocking pain, as they are the bodies natural morphine

A

Andreline and endorphine

54
Q

This monitors position of various body parts

A

Kinesthetic system

55
Q

This monitors the position of the body is in space

A

Vestibular

56
Q

When viewing close objects the lens is this shape

A

short and fat

57
Q

when viewing far objects the lens is this shape

A

tall and skinny

58
Q

These receptors are centered around the fovea, and help with daylight and colour vision

A

Cones

59
Q

These receptors are centered away from the fovea and help with night vision, peripheral and movement

A

Rods

60
Q

In the visual system the wavelength represents this

A

the hue

61
Q

In the visual system the amplitude represents this

A

brightness

62
Q

In the visual system the purity represents this

A

saturation

63
Q

when you superimpose light into a mixture you are using this type of colour mixing

A

Additive colour mixing (P.C. Blue, Red, Green)

64
Q

When you remove light into a mixture you are using this type of colour mixing

A

Subtractive colour mixing (P.C. yellow, red, blue)

65
Q

This theory states that there are three visual receptors(one for each colour). This theory also explains colour blindness

A

Trichromatic theory

66
Q

This theory states that there are three visual receptors that each see two colours and works like a switch. This theory also explains afterimages

A

Opponent-process theory

67
Q

this visual theory is a combination of the two main theories

A

duel-process theory

68
Q

This form of depth perception is based on the image that is in either eye alone

A

Monocular-depth perception

69
Q

This form of depth perception is based on the difference between visual fields

A

Binocular-depth perception

70
Q

When you look at each individual element first then put them together into a big picture you are using this type of processing

A

Bottom up processing

71
Q

When you see the big picture first and then look at each element you are using this type of processing

A

Top down processing

72
Q

These are the four Gestalt laws of organization

A

similarity, proximity, closure, continuity

73
Q

These are the three perceptual constancies

A

shape, size, brightness

74
Q

This view comes from Freud and splits the conscious into three parts

A

The psychodynamic view

75
Q

This view splits the consciousness into two parts (controlled and automatic)

A

The cognitive view

76
Q

In stage one of sleep (light sleep) you have these waves

A

alpha/betas turn into theta waves

77
Q

In stage 2 of sleep (deeper sleep) you get these

A

sleep spindles

78
Q

In stage 3 and 4 of sleep you get this kind of waves

A

delta waves

79
Q

In stage 5 of sleep (REM) you get these kind of waves

A

Beta waves

80
Q

This theory states that all dreams have meaning, wish fulfillment

A

Freud’s dream protection theory

81
Q

This theory states that dreams are just random firings of the brain

A

Activation synthesis theory

82
Q

This is the most common sleep disorder

A

Insomnia

83
Q

This theory states that your experience with hypnosis is determined on your expectations, beliefs and attitude

A

Social cognitive theory of hypnosis

84
Q

This theory states that hypnosis is based on a separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated

A

Dissociation theory of hypnosis

85
Q

This is when you have a recurring problem associated with drugs

A

Substance abuse (ex. binge drinking)

86
Q

This is a more serious pattern of drug use that leads to clinically significant impairment

A

Substance dependence

87
Q

Psychological reactions opposite effects of drugs,the brain trying to adjust to the imbalance

A

compensatory responses

88
Q

This types of drugs are similar to naturally made neurotransmitters

A

Psychoactive drugs

89
Q

These drugs suppress the central nervous system, have a calming or hypnotic effect

A

Depressants

90
Q

These drugs rev up the central nervous system, includes; nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines and caffeine

A

Stimulants

91
Q

This is the most powerful natural stimulant, blocking the receptors for norepinephrine and dopamine

A

Cocaine

92
Q

The drugs are used treat acute anxiety and insomnia, high doses have a strong depressant effect

A

sedatives/hypnotics

93
Q

These drugs relive pain and give sleep

A

Narcotics/opiates

94
Q

These drugs produce dramatic alterations in mood, perception and thought

A

Psychedelics and hallucinogens

95
Q

These are the three types of learning

A

Habitation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning

96
Q

The process by which we respond less strongly over a period of time to a repeated stimulus

A

Habitation (highly specific)

97
Q

This is the increase in strength of a repeated stimulus

A

Sensitization (often not specific)

98
Q

The Unconditioned stimulus (US) falls into these two categories

A

appetitive and aversive

99
Q

When the conditioned stimulus (CS) is still present when the unconditioned stimulus (US) is still present

A

forward-short delay

100
Q

When the CS is active then turns off when the US starts

A

Forward trace

101
Q

When the CS and the US are presented at the same time

A

simultaneous

102
Q

When the CS is presented after the US

A

Backward

103
Q

This is what the end of an association is called

A

extinction

104
Q

When you involve two CS and no US you have this type of conditioning

A

higher order conditioning

105
Q

The extinction of a CR through exposure to CS without the presence of the US

A

Exposure therapy

106
Q

Muscular relaxation paired with gradual exposure to fear-inducing stimulants

A

Systematic desensitization

107
Q

The complete exposure to fearful stimulus is called this

A

Flooding

108
Q

Learning that is controlled by consequences of an organism’s behaviour

A

operant learning

109
Q

This law, by Edward Thorndike, states that the strength of bond is determined on how satisfying the stimulus is

A

The law of effect

110
Q

when the consequences of an action consist of presenting something good

A

positive reinforcement

111
Q

When the consequences of an action consist of removing something bad

A

negative reinforcement

112
Q

when the consequences of an action consist of presenting something bad

A

positive punishment

113
Q

when the consequences of an action consist of removing something good

A

negative punishment

114
Q

when you reinforce successful approximations towards a final response

A

shaping

115
Q

when you reinforce response with opportunity to preform the next response

A

chaining

116
Q

when reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses

A

Fixed ratio schedule (FR)

117
Q

when reinforcement is given after a variable number of responses, surrounding an average

A

Variable Ratio schedule (VR)

118
Q

when reinforcement is given after the first correct response after a fixed time interval

A

fixed interval schedule (FI)

119
Q
A

Psych 104 (4 decks)

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