Psych 104 Midterm #2 Flashcards
An organism’s actions in response to stimuli, either internal or external, is called this
Behaviour
A change in heritable traits in a population over time is known as this
Evolution
This is the most common type of evolution, often called survival of the fittest
Natural Selection
These are the basic unit of heredity and how traits are passed on and received
Genes
What are the basic DNA genes? (4 of them)
Adenine (A) and Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C)
A complete sequence of genetic material for an organism is referred to as this
Genome
This is a chemical substance containing nucleotides
DNA
These are strands of DNA wound around each other
Chromosomes (2 copies of each chromosome, 23 pairs, so 46 in total)
Specific genetic makeup is called this
Genotype
Observable characteristics due to genetic makeup is known as this
Phenotype
A lasting change in gene function during development, not caused by genes themselves, is called this
Epigenetics
This is the method of joining two or more DNA molecules together to create a hybrid
Recombinant DNA
complete removal of a gene or just making it non-functinal is called this procedure
Gene knockout procedure
The estimate of how much a characteristic is due to genetic factor
Heritability Coefficient
The rate of co-occurance of a characteristic among individuals
Concordance Rate
This is the name of of the range of possibilities you can inherit
Reaction Range
These are the big 5 personality traits
Openness,conscientiousness, Extrovertness/introvertness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
These are the two types of Adaptations
Broad and Domain specific
When there is one female and many males
Polyandry
When there is many females and one male
Polygyny
When there is many females and many males
Polygynandry
When one individual helps another and gains some advantage
Cooperation
When one individual helps another, but there are some costs involved
Altruism
Stimulation of sense organs (sensory nerves)
Sensation
The selection, organization and interpretation of sensory input
Perception
How physical stimuli are translated into psychological experiences
Psychophysics
Any detectable input from the environment
Stimulus
This is the minimum amount of stimulus an organism can detect accurately 50% of the time
Absolute threshold
The Smallest difference in the amount that a specific sense can detect
Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
This law states that the size of the JND is a constant (weber fraction) that is proportional to the size of the initial stimulus
Webers law
This law states that perception is subjective as intensity gets bigger the the JND gets smaller and vise versa
Fechner’s law
This theory states that detection of a stimuli involves a decision process as well as a sensory process
Signal Detection Theory
This is the registration of sensory input without conscious awareness
Subliminal Perception
This is the gradual decline in sensory due to prolonged stimulation
Sensory Adaptation
The numbers of cycles/waves per second measured in hertz is known as this in the auditory system
Frequency
The distance between waves and measured in M or MM, in the auditory system is known as this
Wavelength
In the auditory system how clean the waves are (how much timber there is) determines this
Purity
The Pinna and Ear canal are apart of this in the ear
The outer ear
The eardrum (tympanic membrane) and the ossicles are apart of this in the ear
The middle ear
these are the parts of the ossicles
Midas, incus, stapes
The cochlea (a liquid filled organ) is apart of this section of the ear
The inner ear
This is the swirly part of the cochlea
Basilar membrane
This theory states that pith production corresponds to location of vibrations along the basilar membrane
Place theory
This theory states that to detect pith, the entire basilar membrane vibrates and how it moved determines the pitch
Frequency theory
when there is something physically wrong with the ear, you have this type of deafness
Conductive deafness
When the nerve connection or brain is damaged you have this type of deafness
Nerve deafness
These are the five tastes
salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami
The Gustatory and olfactory are this type of sense
Chemical sneses
These are the three stimuli for the Tactile system
Mechanical, thermal, chemical
You perceive pressure through this cortex
Somatosensory cortex
This theory states that we control how much pain we feel, by blocking it
Gate control theory
These two neurotransmitters help with blocking pain, as they are the bodies natural morphine
Andreline and endorphine
This monitors position of various body parts
Kinesthetic system
This monitors the position of the body is in space
Vestibular
When viewing close objects the lens is this shape
short and fat
when viewing far objects the lens is this shape
tall and skinny
These receptors are centered around the fovea, and help with daylight and colour vision
Cones
These receptors are centered away from the fovea and help with night vision, peripheral and movement
Rods
In the visual system the wavelength represents this
the hue
In the visual system the amplitude represents this
brightness
In the visual system the purity represents this
saturation
when you superimpose light into a mixture you are using this type of colour mixing
Additive colour mixing (P.C. Blue, Red, Green)
When you remove light into a mixture you are using this type of colour mixing
Subtractive colour mixing (P.C. yellow, red, blue)
This theory states that there are three visual receptors(one for each colour). This theory also explains colour blindness
Trichromatic theory
This theory states that there are three visual receptors that each see two colours and works like a switch. This theory also explains afterimages
Opponent-process theory
this visual theory is a combination of the two main theories
duel-process theory
This form of depth perception is based on the image that is in either eye alone
Monocular-depth perception
This form of depth perception is based on the difference between visual fields
Binocular-depth perception
When you look at each individual element first then put them together into a big picture you are using this type of processing
Bottom up processing
When you see the big picture first and then look at each element you are using this type of processing
Top down processing
These are the four Gestalt laws of organization
similarity, proximity, closure, continuity
These are the three perceptual constancies
shape, size, brightness
This view comes from Freud and splits the conscious into three parts
The psychodynamic view
This view splits the consciousness into two parts (controlled and automatic)
The cognitive view
In stage one of sleep (light sleep) you have these waves
alpha/betas turn into theta waves
In stage 2 of sleep (deeper sleep) you get these
sleep spindles
In stage 3 and 4 of sleep you get this kind of waves
delta waves
In stage 5 of sleep (REM) you get these kind of waves
Beta waves
This theory states that all dreams have meaning, wish fulfillment
Freud’s dream protection theory
This theory states that dreams are just random firings of the brain
Activation synthesis theory
This is the most common sleep disorder
Insomnia
This theory states that your experience with hypnosis is determined on your expectations, beliefs and attitude
Social cognitive theory of hypnosis
This theory states that hypnosis is based on a separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated
Dissociation theory of hypnosis
This is when you have a recurring problem associated with drugs
Substance abuse (ex. binge drinking)
This is a more serious pattern of drug use that leads to clinically significant impairment
Substance dependence
Psychological reactions opposite effects of drugs,the brain trying to adjust to the imbalance
compensatory responses
This types of drugs are similar to naturally made neurotransmitters
Psychoactive drugs
These drugs suppress the central nervous system, have a calming or hypnotic effect
Depressants
These drugs rev up the central nervous system, includes; nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines and caffeine
Stimulants
This is the most powerful natural stimulant, blocking the receptors for norepinephrine and dopamine
Cocaine
The drugs are used treat acute anxiety and insomnia, high doses have a strong depressant effect
sedatives/hypnotics
These drugs relive pain and give sleep
Narcotics/opiates
These drugs produce dramatic alterations in mood, perception and thought
Psychedelics and hallucinogens
These are the three types of learning
Habitation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning
The process by which we respond less strongly over a period of time to a repeated stimulus
Habitation (highly specific)
This is the increase in strength of a repeated stimulus
Sensitization (often not specific)
The Unconditioned stimulus (US) falls into these two categories
appetitive and aversive
When the conditioned stimulus (CS) is still present when the unconditioned stimulus (US) is still present
forward-short delay
When the CS is active then turns off when the US starts
Forward trace
When the CS and the US are presented at the same time
simultaneous
When the CS is presented after the US
Backward
This is what the end of an association is called
extinction
When you involve two CS and no US you have this type of conditioning
higher order conditioning
The extinction of a CR through exposure to CS without the presence of the US
Exposure therapy
Muscular relaxation paired with gradual exposure to fear-inducing stimulants
Systematic desensitization
The complete exposure to fearful stimulus is called this
Flooding
Learning that is controlled by consequences of an organism’s behaviour
operant learning
This law, by Edward Thorndike, states that the strength of bond is determined on how satisfying the stimulus is
The law of effect
when the consequences of an action consist of presenting something good
positive reinforcement
When the consequences of an action consist of removing something bad
negative reinforcement
when the consequences of an action consist of presenting something bad
positive punishment
when the consequences of an action consist of removing something good
negative punishment
when you reinforce successful approximations towards a final response
shaping
when you reinforce response with opportunity to preform the next response
chaining
when reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses
Fixed ratio schedule (FR)
when reinforcement is given after a variable number of responses, surrounding an average
Variable Ratio schedule (VR)
when reinforcement is given after the first correct response after a fixed time interval
fixed interval schedule (FI)
