PSYCH 104 Flashcards
Central Nervous system
Brain, spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
connects the CNS with muscles(sensory neurons and motor nerves)
Somatic system
related to voluntary behavior
Automatic nervous system
related to involuntary movement
Brain
2 % of our body weight ,uses 20 of are oxygen
Spinal cord
Most nerves enter the central nervous system from here
Spinal Reflex
simple stimulus that results in movement without thinking
PNS(Autonomic)
emotion, stress, digestion and circulation
PNS(Somatic)
Sensory nerves, motor nerves
Parasympathetic
stops/calms
Sympathetic
excites/activates
Neuropsychological tests
Can be used to measure verbal and non verbal behavior.
Destruction
Damaging parts of the brain to see how it changes behavior
Stimulation
Stimulating parts of the brain with an electric current
Electrocephlogram(EEG)
Records the electrical activity of thousands of neurons.
Computerized Tomography
Many x rays taken of the brain put into one image
Positron Emission Tomography
Person is injected with a harmless radioactive tracer which can be tracked to measure blood flow
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Used to measure biological structures by measuring magnetic pulses
Functional magnetic Resonance Imaging(fMRI)
attempts to measure neural activity by detecting changes in hemoglobin
Brain stem(medulla)
Heart and respiration
Brain stem(Pons)
regulate sleep, dreaming and respiration
Cerebellum
muscular movement
Thalamus(forebrain)
routes sensory information, acts like a sensory switchboard
Basal ganglia(forebrain)
controls voluntary muscle movement, plays a role in learning/rewards
Hypothalamus (Forebrain)
important for hormone regulation
Hippocampus(Limbic system)
forming/retrieving memories
Amygdala(limbic system
organizes emotional response patterns( aggression/fear)
nucleus accumbens(limbic system)
important for behaviors associated with reward/motivation
Frontal lobe
planning attention reasoning and judgment
Parietal lobe
body sensations, touch pain and temperature
Temporal lobe
Auditory processing
Occipital lobe
Contains the primary visual cortex
primary motor cortex (Frontal lobe)
Controls voluntary movement of over 600 muscles
Somatic sensory cortex (parietal lobe)
receives sensory input from various regions of the body
Cerebral cortex
Audition, vision, touch
Association cortex(cerebral cortex)
involved in the integration of activity of language and perception
Broca’s area(language production)
Formulation of speech
Motor cortex(language production)
muscles that coordinate speech
Wernicke’s area(language comprehension)
temporal lobe
Neural plasticity
refers to the ability of neurons to change in structure/function over time
Neurogenesis
plays a role in the development of new neurons
Lateralization
refers to the tendency for some cognitive functions to be located in one area
corpus callosum
The bridge that is used to communicate with the two parts of the brain
left hemisphere
logic, positive emotion and language
right hemispheres
spatial processing, melody perception, imagery and negative emotion
Genotype
Genetic code
phenotype
what shows
epigenetic
genes that can be turned off due to environmental factors
polygenetic transmission
when a characteristic is controlled by two genes
gene knockout
certain genes are disabled
heritably coefficient
statistical estimate of variation among a group of people due to genetic factors
variance
differences in a trait across Indvidual’s within a specific group
Twins and adoption studies
provide an experiment that allows you to estimate variance with genetic and Enviromental factors
concordance rate
higher rates of this are found among individuals who are related to each other suggesting that Gentetics are the cause
Identical twins (raised together or apart)
Together: same genetic same environment
Raised apart: same genetic different environment
meta-analysis
a research technique where researchers will collect and put together a wide range of previously conducted research,
Minnesota twin study
large scale study which tried to find the amount that genetics relates to personally
reaction range(Ex IQ)
refers to the genetically influenced limits in which environmental factors affect an organism(for example enrichment and IQ)
Evolutionary noise
neutral changes that nether change or hurt an organisms survival
Domain-specific adaptations
adaptations that solve particular problems
Broad adaptations
are general muti purpose
Evolutionary psychology
how behavior and tendances have evolved over time
Evolutionary psychology(Personality)
40-50% of variance is related to the five factor model of personality.
OCEAN
Openness, Conscientness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
altruism
one helps another but there are costs involved
reciprocal altruism theory
general helping not based on if you are related to the person or not
Color-grapheme synesthesia
people perceiving numbers as being colored a certain way
Sensation and perception(STFP)
Sensation: Begins with sense organs receiving stimuli.
Transduction: stimulus is converted to nerve impulses.
Feature detectors: are neurons which respond to specific features.
Perception: involves giving meaning to input.
Absolute threshold
Intensity at which stimulus can be detected 50% of the time.
Signal Detection Theory
Addresses the question of what factors influence sensory judgment
Color grapheme synesthesia
e.g. perceiving certain numbers as color (abnormal cross modal associations)
Weber’s law
The psychological experience of sensation is relative.
Sensation and Perception (Sensation)
Sensation: Begins with a sense organ translating stimuli
Sensation and Perception (Transduction)
stimuli are converted to nerve impulse
Sensation and Perception(Featured Detectors)
are neurons which respond to specific features
Dominance hierarchies
can reduce conflict
psychophysics
refers to the relationship between the physical characteristics
Just noticeable difference (JND)
small difference between two stimuli that can be detected
sensory adaptation
refers to diminishing sensitivity to unchanging stimuli
Rods
black and white vision
cones(fovea)
color vision
bipolar cells
gets signals from rods and cones
ganglion cell
bipolar cells connect to them then it goes to the optic nerve
photopigments
protein molecules that translate light into neural code
Trichromatic Theory
any color can created from mixing the primary colors together
opponent process theory
we have three cones which respond to two different color’s
Dual process theory
combines ideas from opponent theory and trichromatic.
feature detectors
Neurons made to detect stimuli characteristics like shape or color
retinotopy
two points that are close on a image will be processed in areas of the cortex that are close together
frequency
relates to pitch
amplitude
relates to how loud something
eardrum(Outer ear)
vibrates in response to incoming sound waves
hammer(Middle ear)
forms the boundary between the outer and middle ear
hammer(Middle ear)
forms the boundary between the outer and middle ear
anvil(middle ear)
connected to two other bones in the middle ear
stirrup(middle ear)
forms the boundary between the middle and inner ear
Cochlea(inner ear)
fluid filled tube which has hair cells as sound receptors
Outer ear
sound enters the auditory canal and strikes the eardrum
Middle ear
vibrations cause the anvil,stirrup and hammer to vibrate
Inner ear
these vibrations cause the fluid in the cochlea to move
place theory(high frequency)
a place in the cochlea that respond to different frequency’s of sound due to place ment of hair cells
binaural hearing
hearing with two ears assists with localizing sound
conduction deafness (cochlea)
problems relating to the cochlea
gustation (tase)
taste buds
umami (taste)
the fifth dimension that regulates taste meaty savory
olfactory bulb(Nasal cavity)
smell receptors
Gate control theory (pain)
pain happens as a result of opening and closing spinal cord gates
kinesthesis
feedback about muscles and joint position
vestibular system (balance)
provides information related to balance
schemas
a mental representation of an image
perception constancies
our ability to recognize objects perceived in slightly different contexts as being the same
Montion parallax(speed and distance)
nearby objects appear to move past us faster when they are closer to us
state of consciousness
a way of experiencing internal and external events
conscious
mental events we are aware of
preconscious
outside of current awareness but can be easily recalled
unconscious
not typically brought into conscious awareness
insular cortex(mood)
associated with the processing of interspersal and physical warmth
controlled processing
voluntary use of attention
Automatic processing
little to no conscious processing required
visual agnosia(Identify)
inability to identify objects
Simultagnosia(perception)
inability to perceive more than one object at once
blindsight (stimulus)
reporting not being able to see visual stimuli
rouge test (awareness)
a test to see what animals are self aware
circadian rhythm (biological cycles )
biological cycles of changes throughout the day
SCN(circadian rhythm)
regulates circadian rhythm
Rem sleep
typically involves sleep paralysis
Restoration model
allows the body to recharge
