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PSYCH 104 Post midterm 1 > PSYCH 104 > Flashcards

PSYCH 104 Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

connects the CNS with muscles(sensory neurons and motor nerves)

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3
Q

Somatic system

A

related to voluntary behavior

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4
Q

Automatic nervous system

A

related to involuntary movement

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5
Q

Brain

A

2 % of our body weight ,uses 20 of are oxygen

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6
Q

Spinal cord

A

Most nerves enter the central nervous system from here

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7
Q

Spinal Reflex

A

simple stimulus that results in movement without thinking

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8
Q

PNS(Autonomic)

A

emotion, stress, digestion and circulation

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9
Q

PNS(Somatic)

A

Sensory nerves, motor nerves

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10
Q

Parasympathetic

A

stops/calms

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11
Q

Sympathetic

A

excites/activates

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12
Q

Neuropsychological tests

A

Can be used to measure verbal and non verbal behavior.

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13
Q

Destruction

A

Damaging parts of the brain to see how it changes behavior

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14
Q

Stimulation

A

Stimulating parts of the brain with an electric current

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15
Q

Electrocephlogram(EEG)

A

Records the electrical activity of thousands of neurons.

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16
Q

Computerized Tomography

A

Many x rays taken of the brain put into one image

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17
Q

Positron Emission Tomography

A

Person is injected with a harmless radioactive tracer which can be tracked to measure blood flow

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18
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Used to measure biological structures by measuring magnetic pulses

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19
Q

Functional magnetic Resonance Imaging(fMRI)

A

attempts to measure neural activity by detecting changes in hemoglobin

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20
Q

Brain stem(medulla)

A

Heart and respiration

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21
Q

Brain stem(Pons)

A

regulate sleep, dreaming and respiration

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22
Q

Cerebellum

A

muscular movement

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23
Q

Thalamus(forebrain)

A

routes sensory information, acts like a sensory switchboard

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24
Q

Basal ganglia(forebrain)

A

controls voluntary muscle movement, plays a role in learning/rewards

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25
Q

Hypothalamus (Forebrain)

A

important for hormone regulation

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26
Q

Hippocampus(Limbic system)

A

forming/retrieving memories

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27
Q

Amygdala(limbic system

A

organizes emotional response patterns( aggression/fear)

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28
Q

nucleus accumbens(limbic system)

A

important for behaviors associated with reward/motivation

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29
Q

Frontal lobe

A

planning attention reasoning and judgment

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30
Q

Parietal lobe

A

body sensations, touch pain and temperature

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31
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory processing

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32
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Contains the primary visual cortex

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33
Q

primary motor cortex (Frontal lobe)

A

Controls voluntary movement of over 600 muscles

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34
Q

Somatic sensory cortex (parietal lobe)

A

receives sensory input from various regions of the body

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35
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Audition, vision, touch

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36
Q

Association cortex(cerebral cortex)

A

involved in the integration of activity of language and perception

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37
Q

Broca’s area(language production)

A

Formulation of speech

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38
Q

Motor cortex(language production)

A

muscles that coordinate speech

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39
Q

Wernicke’s area(language comprehension)

A

temporal lobe

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40
Q

Neural plasticity

A

refers to the ability of neurons to change in structure/function over time

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41
Q

Neurogenesis

A

plays a role in the development of new neurons

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42
Q

Lateralization

A

refers to the tendency for some cognitive functions to be located in one area

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43
Q

corpus callosum

A

The bridge that is used to communicate with the two parts of the brain

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44
Q

left hemisphere

A

logic, positive emotion and language

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45
Q

right hemispheres

A

spatial processing, melody perception, imagery and negative emotion

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46
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic code

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47
Q

phenotype

A

what shows

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48
Q

epigenetic

A

genes that can be turned off due to environmental factors

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49
Q

polygenetic transmission

A

when a characteristic is controlled by two genes

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50
Q

gene knockout

A

certain genes are disabled

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51
Q

heritably coefficient

A

statistical estimate of variation among a group of people due to genetic factors

52
Q

variance

A

differences in a trait across Indvidual’s within a specific group

53
Q

Twins and adoption studies

A

provide an experiment that allows you to estimate variance with genetic and Enviromental factors

54
Q

concordance rate

A

higher rates of this are found among individuals who are related to each other suggesting that Gentetics are the cause

55
Q

Identical twins (raised together or apart)

A

Together: same genetic same environment
Raised apart: same genetic different environment

56
Q

meta-analysis

A

a research technique where researchers will collect and put together a wide range of previously conducted research,

57
Q

Minnesota twin study

A

large scale study which tried to find the amount that genetics relates to personally

58
Q

reaction range(Ex IQ)

A

refers to the genetically influenced limits in which environmental factors affect an organism(for example enrichment and IQ)

59
Q

Evolutionary noise

A

neutral changes that nether change or hurt an organisms survival

60
Q

Domain-specific adaptations

A

adaptations that solve particular problems

61
Q

Broad adaptations

A

are general muti purpose

62
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

how behavior and tendances have evolved over time

63
Q

Evolutionary psychology(Personality)

A

40-50% of variance is related to the five factor model of personality.

64
Q

OCEAN

A

Openness, Conscientness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

65
Q

altruism

A

one helps another but there are costs involved

66
Q

reciprocal altruism theory

A

general helping not based on if you are related to the person or not

67
Q

Color-grapheme synesthesia

A

people perceiving numbers as being colored a certain way

68
Q

Sensation and perception(STFP)

A

Sensation: Begins with sense organs receiving stimuli.

Transduction: stimulus is converted to nerve impulses.

Feature detectors: are neurons which respond to specific features.

Perception: involves giving meaning to input.

69
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Intensity at which stimulus can be detected 50% of the time.

70
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Addresses the question of what factors influence sensory judgment

71
Q

Color grapheme synesthesia

A

e.g. perceiving certain numbers as color (abnormal cross modal associations)

72
Q

Weber’s law

A

The psychological experience of sensation is relative.

73
Q

Sensation and Perception (Sensation)

A

Sensation: Begins with a sense organ translating stimuli

74
Q

Sensation and Perception (Transduction)

A

stimuli are converted to nerve impulse

75
Q

Sensation and Perception(Featured Detectors)

A

are neurons which respond to specific features

76
Q

Dominance hierarchies

A

can reduce conflict

77
Q

psychophysics

A

refers to the relationship between the physical characteristics

78
Q

Just noticeable difference (JND)

A

small difference between two stimuli that can be detected

79
Q

sensory adaptation

A

refers to diminishing sensitivity to unchanging stimuli

80
Q

Rods

A

black and white vision

81
Q

cones(fovea)

A

color vision

82
Q

bipolar cells

A

gets signals from rods and cones

83
Q

ganglion cell

A

bipolar cells connect to them then it goes to the optic nerve

84
Q

photopigments

A

protein molecules that translate light into neural code

85
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

any color can created from mixing the primary colors together

86
Q

opponent process theory

A

we have three cones which respond to two different color’s

87
Q

Dual process theory

A

combines ideas from opponent theory and trichromatic.

88
Q

feature detectors

A

Neurons made to detect stimuli characteristics like shape or color

89
Q

retinotopy

A

two points that are close on a image will be processed in areas of the cortex that are close together

90
Q

frequency

A

relates to pitch

91
Q

amplitude

A

relates to how loud something

92
Q

eardrum(Outer ear)

A

vibrates in response to incoming sound waves

93
Q

hammer(Middle ear)

A

forms the boundary between the outer and middle ear

93
Q

hammer(Middle ear)

A

forms the boundary between the outer and middle ear

94
Q

anvil(middle ear)

A

connected to two other bones in the middle ear

95
Q

stirrup(middle ear)

A

forms the boundary between the middle and inner ear

96
Q

Cochlea(inner ear)

A

fluid filled tube which has hair cells as sound receptors

97
Q

Outer ear

A

sound enters the auditory canal and strikes the eardrum

98
Q

Middle ear

A

vibrations cause the anvil,stirrup and hammer to vibrate

99
Q

Inner ear

A

these vibrations cause the fluid in the cochlea to move

100
Q

place theory(high frequency)

A

a place in the cochlea that respond to different frequency’s of sound due to place ment of hair cells

101
Q

binaural hearing

A

hearing with two ears assists with localizing sound

102
Q

conduction deafness (cochlea)

A

problems relating to the cochlea

103
Q

gustation (tase)

A

taste buds

104
Q

umami (taste)

A

the fifth dimension that regulates taste meaty savory

105
Q

olfactory bulb(Nasal cavity)

A

smell receptors

106
Q

Gate control theory (pain)

A

pain happens as a result of opening and closing spinal cord gates

107
Q

kinesthesis

A

feedback about muscles and joint position

108
Q

vestibular system (balance)

A

provides information related to balance

109
Q

schemas

A

a mental representation of an image

110
Q

perception constancies

A

our ability to recognize objects perceived in slightly different contexts as being the same

111
Q

Montion parallax(speed and distance)

A

nearby objects appear to move past us faster when they are closer to us

112
Q

state of consciousness

A

a way of experiencing internal and external events

113
Q

conscious

A

mental events we are aware of

114
Q

preconscious

A

outside of current awareness but can be easily recalled

115
Q

unconscious

A

not typically brought into conscious awareness

116
Q

insular cortex(mood)

A

associated with the processing of interspersal and physical warmth

117
Q

controlled processing

A

voluntary use of attention

118
Q

Automatic processing

A

little to no conscious processing required

119
Q

visual agnosia(Identify)

A

inability to identify objects

120
Q

Simultagnosia(perception)

A

inability to perceive more than one object at once

121
Q

blindsight (stimulus)

A

reporting not being able to see visual stimuli

122
Q

rouge test (awareness)

A

a test to see what animals are self aware

123
Q

circadian rhythm (biological cycles )

A

biological cycles of changes throughout the day

124
Q

SCN(circadian rhythm)

A

regulates circadian rhythm

125
Q

Rem sleep

A

typically involves sleep paralysis

126
Q

Restoration model

A

allows the body to recharge

PSYCH 104 Post midterm 1 (2 decks)

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