psych 101 Midterm 1 Flashcards by Alexander Dinh

Definition of psychology

Scientific study of behavior & mental processes of humans & animals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the research methods

naturalistic observations, case studies, correlations, experimental design

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the Four Goals of Psychology

Description
explanation
prediction
control

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Who founded the first psychological laboratories?

Wilhelm Wundt

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Naturalistic Observations

advantages vs disadvantages

A.Watching animals or humans behave in their normal environment
D.Observer Bias - you only see what you want to see
Observer Effect - influencing people just by being there

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Case Studies

Study of 1 individual(with lots of detail)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Correlations

A statistical technique to look for relationships between 2 or more variables

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Experimental Design

advantages vs disadvantages

Deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if changes in behavior result

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Positive Correlation

Same Direction ^ ^

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Negative Correlation

Different Direction -> <-

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Independent variable

Variable that is being manipulated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dependent variable

Variable that is measured after the manipulation of the Independent variable

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Experimental group vs. Control Group

Gets the drug vs. getting the placebo a.k.a single-blind study

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Representative & Random Sampling

Participants don’t know a.k.a double-blind study

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalysis:
Early childhood experiences
Unconscious mind(where we repress threatening desires)
Dream interpretation(essential to understanding the unconscious mind)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Behaviorism

focuses on observable behavior only

-believed that all behaviors are learned

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cognitive Perspective

Focuses on how people think

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Biopsychological pr Physiological

genetic influences, hormones, & activity within the nervous system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Eclectic Perspective

Combination of one or more different psychological perspectives

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Humanistic Perspective

People have free will or freedom to choose their own destiny

Human potential -> Self-actualization
Be all that u can be

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the Nervous System

Network of specialized cells that carries information

- Controls the way people & animals think, feel, & behave

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neurons

the basic cell in the nervous system that receives and sends messages

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nerves

bundles of neuron fibers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 basic parts to a Neuron

Dendrites : branch-like; receives messages
Soma : cell body with the nucleus
Axon : tube-like; sends messages to other neurons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Myelin Sheath

- Help protect the axon - speeds up messages - made up of fatty substance

Where are neurotransmitters stored?

in the pre-synaptic vesicles

Acetylcholine(Ach)

Arousal, Attention, Alzheimer's

Serotonin

associated with mood, sleep, & appetite low levels ->depression high levels ->aggression

Dopamine

involved in voluntary movement control, pleasure, & sensations

Endorphins

Body's "natural morphine", pain controller

Reuptake

Cleans up the synapse and picks up excess neurotransmitters

Central Nervous System (CNS)

consist of the brain, spinal cord, & neurons

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

made up of the Autonomic & Somatic Nervous Systems

Somatic Nervous System

Voluntary Movement: Sensory Pathway: Nerves from sensory neurons of organs to spinal chord Motor pathway: nerves from CNS to voluntary muscles via motor neurons

Autonomic Nervous System

Nerves that control involuntary muscles such as organs & glands

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous System

Sympathetic: "emergency system" prepares body for flight or fight Parasympathetic: Restores the body to normal functioning

Four Lobes of the Brain

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

Frontal Lobe

Higher Mental descision making, motivational behavior & personality MOTOR CORTEX

Temporal Lobe

Near Ears; responsible for hearing and meaningful speech

Parietal Lobe

Top, back; somatosensory cortex processing body & skin’s senses

Occipital Lobe

Back of head; Contains visual centers of brain

Medulla

Life-Sustaining Fuction, breathing, heartbeat, swallowing

Pons

Regulates sleep-wake cycle & dreaming | damage here connected with comas

Cerebellum

controls & coordinates movements | posture & balance

Reticular formation

responsible for selective attention (helps keep people alert & aroused)

Thalamus

Center; acts as relay sorting station for sensory info

Hypothalamus

responsible for motivational behavior of sleep, hunger, thirst, & sex

Hippocampus

Formation of long-term memories

Amygdala

Responsible for fear response, memory of fear, & emotional control

Corpus Callosum

Connects Left and Right Hemisphere

Right Hemisphere of Brain

``` Recognizing faces Expressing emotions Music Reading emotions Color Images Intuition Creativity ```

Left Hemisphere of Brain

``` Language Logic Critical thinking Numbers Reasoning ```

Waking Consciousness

State in which thoughts, feelings, & sensations are clear, organized & feel alert

Altered state of consciousness

a shift in pattern of mental activity

EEG

How brain waves are measured

Why do we sleep?

Adaptive theory: evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators(sleep usually at night) Restorative theory: Replenishes chemicals & repairs cellular damage

Stages of sleep

NREM - 4 stages | REM - dram state

Sleepwalking, Sleeptalking, & night terrors

Occur in stage 4 of NREM where you are in your deepest sleep

Sleep Deprivation

causes microsleep "nodding-off" falling asleep, quick sleep

REM rebound

When you don't get much REM sleep from sleep deprivation and then the following night u get a larger dose of REM

Manifest Content vs. Latent Content

Manifest: What actually happens vs Latent: hidden meaning, expressed through symbols

Drug Tolerance

built up immunity: causing the need for more

Physical Dependence vs. Psychological

Physical : body needs drugs to function or body will withdraw Psychological : Feeling that a drug is needed for well being

Stimulants vs. Depressants

Stimulants : uppers | Depressants : downers