Psych 101 Conditioning, Scheduling, etc.

Question 1

What is vicarious conditioning?

Answer 1

the act of learning things through observing the reactions, attitudes, and emotions of others rather than direct exposure.

Question 2

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 2

a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior.

Question 3

What is sensitization?

Answer 3

a non-associative learning process that leads to increased responsiveness to a stimulus and is considered complementary to habituation.

Question 4

What is habituation?

Answer 4

a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

Question 5

What is stimulus generalization?

Answer 5

occurs when a learned behavior is applied to a similar context. For example, children may learn that they get a reward when they clean their bedroom, and so they generalize that behavior to cleaning other areas of the house.

Question 6

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 6

when a behavior that is believed to be extinct (the conditioned behavior has disappeared or stopped occurring when the stimulus is present) unexpectedly and quickly returns after a period of rest or lessened response.

Question 7

What is a cognitive map?

Answer 7

a mental picture or image of the layout of the physical environment.

Question 8

What is insight learning?

Answer 8

a sudden realization of a solution to a problem.

Question 9

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 9

adding stimulus to a situation to encourage a behavior to be done again

Question 10

What is positive punishment?

Answer 10

adding stimulus to a situation to discourage a behavior to be done again

Question 11

What is stimulus discrimination?

Answer 11

the ability to differentiate between stimuli and respond only to the correct ones.

Question 12

What is extinction?

Answer 12

the process of reducing or eliminating a learned behavior by withholding the consequences that reinforced it.

Question 13

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 13

a type of learning that involves associating a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that produces a natural response.

Question 14

What is modeling?

Answer 14

a process where people learn behaviors, skills, and ways of thinking and feeling by observing others.

Question 15

What is shaping?

Answer 15

a behavioral modification technique in psychology that involves rewarding closer approximations of a desired behavior until the target behavior is achieved.

Question 16

What is token economy?

Answer 16

a behavioral management technique that uses a reward system to reinforce positive behaviors and discourage negative ones.

Question 17

What is fixed scheduling?

Answer 17

fixed scheduling is predictable, and it does not change

Question 18

What is variable scheduling?

Answer 18

variable scheduling is unpredictable

Question 19

What is ratio scheduling?

Answer 19

ratio scheduling depends on the amount of responses said thing receives

Question 20

What is interval scheduling?

Answer 20

interval scheduling depends on the amount of time that has passed

Question 21

What are unconditioned stimuli?

Answer 21

a stimulus that automatically triggers a response without prior learning or conditioning.

Question 22

What are conditioned stimuli?

Answer 22

a neutral stimulus that, after being associated with a biologically significant stimulus, can produce a similar response.

Question 23

What is a primary reinforcer?

Answer 23

reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities. These kinds of reinforcers are not learned. Water, food, sleep, shelter, sex, and touch, among others, are primary reinforcers.

Question 24

What is a secondary reinforcer?

Answer 24

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power by being associated with a primary reinforcer.