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CSAD > Psych 101 > Flashcards

Psych 101 Flashcards

1
Q

What is consciousness?

A

awareness of internal and external stimuli such as feelings of hunger or pain

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2
Q

Wakefulness

A

high levels of sensory awareness. thought, and behavior

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3
Q

Sleep

A

low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness

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4
Q

Biological Rhythms

A

internal cycle of biological activity including
- fluctuation of body temp
- an individual’s menstrual cycle
- levels of alertness

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5
Q

Where is circadian rhythm generated?

A

generated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
hypothalamus

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6
Q

What is the sleep-wake cycle linked to?q

A

environments natural light-dark cycle

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7
Q

What controls our biological rhythms

A

the hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining homeostasis, the tendency to maintain balance, or optimal level

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8
Q

Melatonin

A

sleep hormone stimulated by darkness, making us sleepy, and inhibited by daylight
released by pineal gland

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9
Q

Sleep Regulation

A

the brain’s control of switching between sleep and wakefulness

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10
Q

Jet Lag

A

symptoms resulting from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment
symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability and insomnia

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11
Q

Rotating Shift Work

A

a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily/weekly basis
can result in persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation, sleeping problems and can lead to signs of depression and anxiety

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12
Q

Sleep Debt

A

result of the insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

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13
Q

Sleep Rebound

A

a sleep-deprived individual will tend to take a shorter time to fall asleep during subsequent opportunities to sleep.

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14
Q

Sleep is associated with the secretion and regulation of many hormones including:

A

melatonin (released by pineal gland)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone
growth hormone (important to physical maturation)

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15
Q

Brain areas involved in speech

A

thalamus (SCN)
pituitary gland
pineal gland
hypothalamus
pons

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16
Q

Cognitive Function

A

focuses on sleep’s importance for cognitive function and memory formation.
- sleep deprivation results in disruption in cognition and memory deficits
- these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases

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17
Q

Amplitude

A

height of brain wave

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18
Q

Frequency

A

how many brain waves occur in 1 second

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19
Q

Alpha Waves

A

relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude, synchronized.
produced during early stages of sleep (stage 1)

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20
Q

Beta Waves

A

brain waves produced when we are awake

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21
Q

Theta Waves

A

low frequency, moderately low amplitude
produced during stage 2 of sleep

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22
Q

Delta Waves

A

low frequency, high amplitude, desynchronized
produced during stage 3 of sleep

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23
Q

NREM Sleep

A

Sleep stages 1 & 2

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24
Q

Stage 1

A

transitional phase occurring between wakefulness and sleep.
rates of respiration and heartbeat slow down
(ALPHA and THETA waves occur during this period)

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25
Q

Stage 2

A

the body goes into deep relaxation
characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles and K-complexes
(THETA waves still occur here)

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26
Q

Sleep Spindles

A

rapid burst of high frequency brain waves

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27
Q

K-Complexes

A

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity

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28
Q

Stage 3

A

still NREM
known as sleep-wave sleep
respiration and heart rate slow down further

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29
Q

Stage 4

A

REM Sleep
paralysis of voluntary muscles
dreaming occurs
brain waves are similar to those seen during wakefulness

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30
Q

REM rebound

A

body compensates for lack of REM sleep during the previous night

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31
Q

Dreams

A

Important people
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Cartwright & Hobson

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32
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

saw dreams as a way to gain access to the unconscious
manifest content
latent content

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33
Q

Manifest Content

A

the actual content of the dream

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34
Q

Latent Content

A

the hidden meaning of the dream

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35
Q

Carl Jung

A

believed that dreams allow us to tap into the collective unconscious
believed that certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes regardless of culture or location

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36
Q

Cartwright & Hobson

A

dreaming may represent life events that are important to the dreamer
dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness, or virtual reality
lucid dreams

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37
Q

Lucid Dreams

A

certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dreaming state

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38
Q

Sleep problems and disorders

A

insomnia
parasomnias
sleep apnea
narcolepsy

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39
Q

Insomnia

A

defined by difficulty falling or staying sleepy, for at least 3 nights a week, for at least 1 month

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40
Q

Contributing factors of insomnia

A

age
drug use
exercise
mental status
bedtime routines

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41
Q

Treatment of insomnia

A

stress management techniques
changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

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42
Q

CBT

A

focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors

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43
Q

Parasomnias

A

unwanted motor behavior during sleep

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44
Q

Sleepwalking

A

sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors that can range from wandering around the house to driving a car
usually occurs during slow-wave sleep

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45
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

A

occurs when muscle paralysis associated with REM sleep does not occur
include high level of physical activity during REM sleep
often treated with Clonazepam

46
Q

Restless leg syndrome

A

involves uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relived by moving the legs
can be treated with a variety of medications

47
Q

Nigh terrors

A

sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape
often occurs during NREM sleep

48
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

occurs when individuals stop breathing during their sleep, usually for 10-20 seconds or longer

49
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

A

obstructive airway becomes blocked, and air is prevented from entering the lungs

50
Q

Central Sleep Apnea

A

CNS fails to initiate breaths

50
Q

Treatment of Sleep Apnea

A

CPAP device

51
Q

SIDS

A

occurs when an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies
infants younger than 12 months are at the highest risk

51
Q

Contributing factors of SIDS

A

premature birth
smoking within the home
hyperthermia

52
Q

Narcolepsy

A

involves irresistible urge to fall asleep during waking areas
shares many features with REM sleep, including:
cataplexy
hypnagogic hallucinations

53
Q

Cataplexy

A

loss of muscle tone while awake or in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles

54
Q

Hypnagogic Hallucinations

A

vivid, dream like hallucinations

55
Q

Substance Use Disorder

A

compulsive pattern of drug use despite negative consequences

56
Q

Physiological Dependence

A

involves change in normal bodily functions with withdrawal upon cessation of use

57
Q

Psychological Dependence

A

emotional need for drug

58
Q

Tolerance

A

occurs when a person requires more and more of a drug to achieve effects previously experienced with lower dosages

59
Q

Withdrawal

A

negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

60
Q

Drug Categories

A

depressants
stimulants
opioids
hallucinogens

61
Q

Depressants

A

drugs that suppress CNS activity
include:
alcohol. barbiturates, and benzos

62
Q

Alcohol

A

decreases reaction time and visual activity
lowers levels of alertness
reduces behavioral control

63
Q

Stimulants

A

increase overall levels of neural activity
include:
cocaine
amphetamines
MDMA (molly)

64
Q

Side effects of using stimulants

A

nausea
elevated BP
increased heart rate
feelings of anxiety
hallucinations
paranoia

65
Q

Caffeine

A

stimulant
increase levels of alertness and arousal
involves antagonizing adenosine activity

66
Q

Nicotine

A

most commonly used in tobacco products like cigarettes, snuff, or e-cigarettes (vapes)
interacts with acetylcholine receptors

67
Q

Opioids

A

serve as analgesics (decrease pain) through their side effects on the endogenous opioid neurotransmitter system
opioids have potent pain killing effects that are often abuses

68
Q

What drugs are considered opioids?

A

heroin
morphine
methadone
codeine (cough syrup)

69
Q

Hallucinogens

A

cause changes in sensory and perceptual experiences
include:
marijuana
mescaline
LSD
PCP
ketamine

70
Q

Hypnosis

A

an extreme focus on the self that involves suggested changes of behavior and experience
has been used to draw out information believed to be buried in someones memory

71
Q

Uses of hypnosis

A

pain management
treatment of depression and anxiety
quitting smoking
weight loss

72
Q

Meditation

A

the act of being fully aware in the present moment which can be achieved through focusing on a single target, like breathing

73
Q

Uses of meditation

A

stress management
sleep quality
pain management
treatment of mood and anxiety disorders

74
Q

Sensation

A

when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

75
Q

Transduction

A

conversation of sensory stimulus energy into action potentials

76
Q

Absolute threshold

A

minimum amount of stimulus needed for us to notice 50% of the time

77
Q

Difference threshold

A

the minimum amount of change in a stimulus needed to detect a stimulus.
a just noticeable difference
changes depending on the stimulus intensity

78
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

basic sensory features are analyzed and recombined

79
Q

Top-down processing

A

perception influenced by knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations

80
Q

Pattern perception

A

our ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes

81
Q

Perception

A

the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced

82
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

not perceiving stimuli that have been relatively constant over a period of time

83
Q

EX of sensory adaptation

A

adapting to the smell of the kitchen when cooking

84
Q

Attention

A

influences what stimulus we adapt to

85
Q

EX of attention

A

turning out the music at a party when conversing

86
Q

Motivations

A

influence what we attend to

87
Q

EX of motivation

A

looking for your child in a crowded venue

88
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

failure to notice something visible due to attending to something else

89
Q

Signal detection theory

A

identifying a specific stimulus even in a distracting background

90
Q

Amplitude

A

how distance from the center line to the crest of trough

91
Q

Wavelength

A

distance between one peak to the next

92
Q

Frequency

A

how many waves that pass a given point in a given time period
Hertz (Hz)= cycles per period

93
Q

Wavelengths associated with color

A

ROYGBIV

94
Q

Amplitude associated with color

A

higher amplitude= higher intensity

95
Q

Decibels (dB)

A

associated with loudness

96
Q

Pitch

A

associated with frequency of a sound wave

97
Q

Timbre

A

different instruments playing the same note

98
Q

Cornea

A

outer layer of the eye. curved, transparent layer
where light first enters the eye

99
Q

Iris

A

colored ring of the muscle (expands and contracts to effect size of pupil)

100
Q

Pupil

A

opening in the middle of the iris

101
Q

Lens

A

bends the light rays so they can be properly focused on the retina

102
Q

Retina

A

light is converted to electrical impulses for transmission to the brain (photoactivation)

103
Q

Photoactivation

A

photochemical reaction
occurs when light hits the photoreceptors in the retina

104
Q

Fovea

A

a small indentation in the retina packed with photoreceptors

105
Q

Rods

A

dim lights

106
Q
A
107
Q

Cones

A

bright lights
fine detail
found near fovea

108
Q
A

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