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Psych 101 Flashcards

1
Q

What is consciousness?

A

awareness of internal and external stimuli such as feelings of hunger or pain

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2
Q

Wakefulness

A

high levels of sensory awareness. thought, and behavior

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3
Q

Sleep

A

low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness

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4
Q

Biological Rhythms

A

internal cycle of biological activity including
- fluctuation of body temp
- an individual’s menstrual cycle
- levels of alertness

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5
Q

Where is circadian rhythm generated?

A

generated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
hypothalamus

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6
Q

What is the sleep-wake cycle linked to?q

A

environments natural light-dark cycle

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7
Q

What controls our biological rhythms

A

the hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining homeostasis, the tendency to maintain balance, or optimal level

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8
Q

Melatonin

A

sleep hormone stimulated by darkness, making us sleepy, and inhibited by daylight
released by pineal gland

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9
Q

Sleep Regulation

A

the brain’s control of switching between sleep and wakefulness

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10
Q

Jet Lag

A

symptoms resulting from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment
symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability and insomnia

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11
Q

Rotating Shift Work

A

a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily/weekly basis
can result in persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation, sleeping problems and can lead to signs of depression and anxiety

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12
Q

Sleep Debt

A

result of the insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

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13
Q

Sleep Rebound

A

a sleep-deprived individual will tend to take a shorter time to fall asleep during subsequent opportunities to sleep.

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14
Q

Sleep is associated with the secretion and regulation of many hormones including:

A

melatonin (released by pineal gland)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone
growth hormone (important to physical maturation)

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15
Q

Brain areas involved in speech

A

thalamus (SCN)
pituitary gland
pineal gland
hypothalamus
pons

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16
Q

Cognitive Function

A

focuses on sleep’s importance for cognitive function and memory formation.
- sleep deprivation results in disruption in cognition and memory deficits
- these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases

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17
Q

Amplitude

A

height of brain wave

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18
Q

Frequency

A

how many brain waves occur in 1 second

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19
Q

Alpha Waves

A

relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude, synchronized.
produced during early stages of sleep (stage 1)

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20
Q

Beta Waves

A

brain waves produced when we are awake

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21
Q

Theta Waves

A

low frequency, moderately low amplitude
produced during stage 2 of sleep

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22
Q

Delta Waves

A

low frequency, high amplitude, desynchronized
produced during stage 3 of sleep

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23
Q

NREM Sleep

A

Sleep stages 1 & 2

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24
Q

Stage 1

A

transitional phase occurring between wakefulness and sleep.
rates of respiration and heartbeat slow down
(ALPHA and THETA waves occur during this period)

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25
Stage 2
the body goes into deep relaxation characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles and K-complexes (THETA waves still occur here)
26
Sleep Spindles
rapid burst of high frequency brain waves
27
K-Complexes
very high amplitude pattern of brain activity
28
Stage 3
still NREM known as sleep-wave sleep respiration and heart rate slow down further
29
Stage 4
REM Sleep paralysis of voluntary muscles dreaming occurs brain waves are similar to those seen during wakefulness
30
REM rebound
body compensates for lack of REM sleep during the previous night
31
Dreams
Important people Sigmund Freud Carl Jung Cartwright & Hobson
32
Sigmund Freud
saw dreams as a way to gain access to the unconscious manifest content latent content
33
Manifest Content
the actual content of the dream
34
Latent Content
the hidden meaning of the dream
35
Carl Jung
believed that dreams allow us to tap into the collective unconscious believed that certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes regardless of culture or location
36
Cartwright & Hobson
dreaming may represent life events that are important to the dreamer dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness, or virtual reality lucid dreams
37
Lucid Dreams
certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dreaming state
38
Sleep problems and disorders
insomnia parasomnias sleep apnea narcolepsy
39
Insomnia
defined by difficulty falling or staying sleepy, for at least 3 nights a week, for at least 1 month
40
Contributing factors of insomnia
age drug use exercise mental status bedtime routines
41
Treatment of insomnia
stress management techniques changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
42
CBT
focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors
43
Parasomnias
unwanted motor behavior during sleep
44
Sleepwalking
sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors that can range from wandering around the house to driving a car usually occurs during slow-wave sleep
45
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
occurs when muscle paralysis associated with REM sleep does not occur include high level of physical activity during REM sleep often treated with Clonazepam
46
Restless leg syndrome
involves uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relived by moving the legs can be treated with a variety of medications
47
Nigh terrors
sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape often occurs during NREM sleep
48
Sleep Apnea
occurs when individuals stop breathing during their sleep, usually for 10-20 seconds or longer
49
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
obstructive airway becomes blocked, and air is prevented from entering the lungs
50
Central Sleep Apnea
CNS fails to initiate breaths
50
Treatment of Sleep Apnea
CPAP device
51
SIDS
occurs when an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies infants younger than 12 months are at the highest risk
51
Contributing factors of SIDS
premature birth smoking within the home hyperthermia
52
Narcolepsy
involves irresistible urge to fall asleep during waking areas shares many features with REM sleep, including: cataplexy hypnagogic hallucinations
53
Cataplexy
loss of muscle tone while awake or in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles
54
Hypnagogic Hallucinations
vivid, dream like hallucinations
55
Substance Use Disorder
compulsive pattern of drug use despite negative consequences
56
Physiological Dependence
involves change in normal bodily functions with withdrawal upon cessation of use
57
Psychological Dependence
emotional need for drug
58
Tolerance
occurs when a person requires more and more of a drug to achieve effects previously experienced with lower dosages
59
Withdrawal
negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued
60
Drug Categories
depressants stimulants opioids hallucinogens
61
Depressants
drugs that suppress CNS activity include: alcohol. barbiturates, and benzos
62
Alcohol
decreases reaction time and visual activity lowers levels of alertness reduces behavioral control
63
Stimulants
increase overall levels of neural activity include: cocaine amphetamines MDMA (molly)
64
Side effects of using stimulants
nausea elevated BP increased heart rate feelings of anxiety hallucinations paranoia
65
Caffeine
stimulant increase levels of alertness and arousal involves antagonizing adenosine activity
66
Nicotine
most commonly used in tobacco products like cigarettes, snuff, or e-cigarettes (vapes) interacts with acetylcholine receptors
67
Opioids
serve as analgesics (decrease pain) through their side effects on the endogenous opioid neurotransmitter system opioids have potent pain killing effects that are often abuses
68
What drugs are considered opioids?
heroin morphine methadone codeine (cough syrup)
69
Hallucinogens
cause changes in sensory and perceptual experiences include: marijuana mescaline LSD PCP ketamine
70
Hypnosis
an extreme focus on the self that involves suggested changes of behavior and experience has been used to draw out information believed to be buried in someones memory
71
Uses of hypnosis
pain management treatment of depression and anxiety quitting smoking weight loss
72
Meditation
the act of being fully aware in the present moment which can be achieved through focusing on a single target, like breathing
73
Uses of meditation
stress management sleep quality pain management treatment of mood and anxiety disorders
74
Sensation
when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor
75
Transduction
conversation of sensory stimulus energy into action potentials
76
Absolute threshold
minimum amount of stimulus needed for us to notice 50% of the time
77
Difference threshold
the minimum amount of change in a stimulus needed to detect a stimulus. a just noticeable difference changes depending on the stimulus intensity
78
Bottom-up processing
basic sensory features are analyzed and recombined
79
Top-down processing
perception influenced by knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations
80
Pattern perception
our ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes
81
Perception
the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced
82
Sensory adaptation
not perceiving stimuli that have been relatively constant over a period of time
83
EX of sensory adaptation
adapting to the smell of the kitchen when cooking
84
Attention
influences what stimulus we adapt to
85
EX of attention
turning out the music at a party when conversing
86
Motivations
influence what we attend to
87
EX of motivation
looking for your child in a crowded venue
88
Inattentional blindness
failure to notice something visible due to attending to something else
89
Signal detection theory
identifying a specific stimulus even in a distracting background
90
Amplitude
how distance from the center line to the crest of trough
91
Wavelength
distance between one peak to the next
92
Frequency
how many waves that pass a given point in a given time period Hertz (Hz)= cycles per period
93
Wavelengths associated with color
ROYGBIV
94
Amplitude associated with color
higher amplitude= higher intensity
95
Decibels (dB)
associated with loudness
96
Pitch
associated with frequency of a sound wave
97
Timbre
different instruments playing the same note
98
Cornea
outer layer of the eye. curved, transparent layer where light first enters the eye
99
Iris
colored ring of the muscle (expands and contracts to effect size of pupil)
100
Pupil
opening in the middle of the iris
101
Lens
bends the light rays so they can be properly focused on the retina
102
Retina
light is converted to electrical impulses for transmission to the brain (photoactivation)
103
Photoactivation
photochemical reaction occurs when light hits the photoreceptors in the retina
104
Fovea
a small indentation in the retina packed with photoreceptors
105
Rods
dim lights
106
107
Cones
bright lights fine detail found near fovea
108

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