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Psych 100 > Psych 100 > Flashcards

Psych 100 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Psychology?

A

The scientific study of the mind, brain, and behaviour

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2
Q

what are levels of analysis?

A

rungs on ladder of analysis, with lower levels tied most closely to biological influences and higher levels tied most closely to social influences.

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3
Q

what is multiply determined?

A

human behaviour is difficult to predict, in part because all actions are multiply determined - that is, produced by many factors.

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4
Q

What are individual differences?

A

variations among people in their thinking, emotion, personality, and behaviour.

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5
Q

what is introspection?

A

method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences

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6
Q

what is structualism?

A

school of psychology that aimed to indentify the basic elements of psychological experience

E.B. Tichener

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7
Q

what is functionalism?

A

school of psychology that aimed to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics

William James

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8
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

school of psychology that focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking at observable behaviour.

John B. Watson

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9
Q

what is cognitive psychology?

A

school of psychology that proposes that thinking is central to understanding behaviour.

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10
Q

what is cognitive neuroscience?

A

relatively new field of psychology that examines the relation between brain functioning and thinking.

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11
Q

what is psychoanalysis?

A

school of psychology, founded by Sigmund Freud, that focuses on internal psychological processes of which we’re unaware.

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12
Q

qhat is evolutionary psychology l?

A

discipline that applies Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human and animal behaviour

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13
Q

what is naive realism?

A

belief that we see the world precisely as it is.

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14
Q

What is scientific theory?

A

explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world

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15
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

testable prediction derived from a scientific theorym

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16
Q

what is confirmation bias?

A

tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesis and deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that contradicts them.

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17
Q

what is belief perseverance?

A

tendency to stick to our nitial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them.

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18
Q

what a is metaphysical claim?

A

assertions about the world that is not testable.

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19
Q

what is pseudoscience?

A

a set of claims that seems scientific but isnt

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20
Q

what is ad hoc immunizing hypothesis?

A

escape hatch or loophole that defenders of a theory use to protect their theory from falsification.

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21
Q

What is patternicity?

A

the tendency to detect meaningful patterns in random stimuli

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22
Q

what is terror management theory?

A

theory proposing that our awareness of our death leaves us with with an underlying sense of terror we cope with by adopting reassuring cultural world views.

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23
Q

What is scientific skepticism?

A

approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them

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24
Q

what is critical thinking?

A

set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open minded and careful fashion

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25
Q

what is correlation-causation fallacy?

A

error of assuming that because one thing is associated with another, it must cause the other.

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26
Q

what is a variable?

A

anything that can vary

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27
Q

what is falsifiable?

A

capable of of being disproved

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28
Q

What is risky prediction?

A

forecast that stands a good chance of being wrong

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29
Q

what is replicability?

A

when a study’s findings are able to be duplicated; ideally by independent investigators

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30
Q

what is basic research?

A

research examining how the mind works.

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31
Q

applied research

A

research examining how we can use basic research to solve real-world problems

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32
Q

What is a prefrontal Lobotomy

A

surgical procedure that severs fibers connecting the frontal lobes of the brain from the underlying thalamus

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33
Q

what is heuristic?

A

mental shortcut or rule of thumb that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world

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34
Q

what is naturalistic observation?

A

watching behaviour in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation

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35
Q

what is external validity?

A

extent to which we can generalize findings to real world setting

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36
Q

what is iternal validity?

A

extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study

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37
Q

what is a case study?

A

research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period

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38
Q

what is existence proof?

A

demonstration that a given psychological phenomenon can occur

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39
Q

what is random selection?

A

procedure that ensures that every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

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40
Q

what is reliability?

A

consistency of measurement

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41
Q

what is validity?

A

extent to which a measure assesses whit it purports to measure

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42
Q

response set

A

tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items

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43
Q

what is correlation design?

A

research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated

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44
Q

what is a scatter plot?

A

grouping of points on a two dimensional graph in which each dot represents a single person’s draft.

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45
Q

what are illusionary correlation?

A

perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists

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46
Q

what is an experiment?

A

research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable

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47
Q

what is a random assignment?

A

randomly sorting participants into groups

48
Q

what is a experimental group?

A

in an experiment, the group of participants that recieves the manipulation

49
Q

what is the control group?

A

in an experiment, the group of participants that doesnt recieve the manipulation

50
Q

what is between-subjects design?

A

in an experiment, researchers assign different groups to the control or experimental condition.

51
Q

what is within-subjects design?

A

in an experiment, each participant acts as his or her own control

52
Q

what is a independent variable?

A

variable that an experimenter manipulates

53
Q

what is a dependent variable?

A

variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect

54
Q

what is operational definition?

A

A working definition of what a researcher is measuring

55
Q

what is placebo effect?

A

improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement

56
Q

what is blind?

A

unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group

57
Q

what is experimental expectancy effect?

A

phenomenon in which researchers hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the coutcome of a study

58
Q

what is double-blind

A

when neither researchers nor participants are aware of who’s in the experimental or control group

59
Q

what are demand characteristics?

A

cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher’s hypothesis

60
Q

what is informed consent?

A

informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate

61
Q

what is statistics?

A

application of mathematics to describing and analyzing date

62
Q

what are descriptive statistics?

A

numerical characterizations that describe date

63
Q

what is central tendency?

A

measure of the central scores in a date set, or where the group tends to cluster

64
Q

what is mean?

A

average; a measure of central tendency

65
Q

what is median?

A

middle score in a data set; a measure of central tendency

66
Q

what is mode?

A

most frequent score in a data set; a measure of central tendency

67
Q

what is variability?

A

measure of how loosely of tightly bunched scores are

68
Q

What is range?

A

difference between the highest and lowest scores; a measure of variability

69
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

measure of variability that takes into account how far each data point is from the mean

70
Q

what is inferential statistics?

A

mathamatical methods that allows us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population

71
Q

what is base rate?

A

how common a characteristic or behaviour is in the general public

72
Q

what is developmental psychology?

A

study of how behaviour changes over the lifespan

73
Q

what is post hoc fallacy?

A

false assumption that because one event occurs before another event, it must have caused that event.

74
Q

What is cross-sectional design?

A

research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time

75
Q

what are cohort effects?

A

effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time

76
Q

what is a longitudinal design?

A

research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time

77
Q

what is gene-environment interaction?

A

situation in which the effects of Genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed

78
Q

what is nature via nurture?

A

tendency of individuals with certain genetics predospitions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions

79
Q

what is gene expression?

A

activation or deactivation of Genes by environmental experiences throughout development

80
Q

what is prenatal?

A

prior to birth

81
Q

what is zygote?

A

fertilized egg

82
Q

what is blastocyst?

A

ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that haven’t yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part

83
Q

what is a embryo?

A

second to eighth week of prenatal development, during which limbs, facial features, and major organs of body take form

84
Q

What is fetus?

A

period of prenatal development from ninth week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary charge

85
Q

what is a teratogen?

A

an environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development

86
Q

What is fetal alcohal spectrum disorder?

A

condition results from high levels of prenatal alcohal exposure, causing learning disabilities, physical growth retardation, facial malformations, and behavioural disorders

87
Q

What is motor behaviour?

A

bodily motion that occurs as result of self-intiated force that moves that bones and muscle

88
Q

What is adolescence?

A

the transition between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years

89
Q

what is puberty?

A

the achievment of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce

90
Q

What are primary sex characteristics?

A

a physical feature such as the reproductive organs and genitials that distinguish sexes

91
Q

what are secondary sex characteristics?

A

a sex-differenting characteristic that doesnt relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in women and deepening voices in man

92
Q

what is menarche

A

start of menstruation

93
Q

what is spermarche?

A

boys’ first ejaculation

94
Q

what is menopause?

A

the termination of menstruation, markings

the end of a woman’s reproductive potentials

95
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember.

96
Q

What is Assimilation?

A

Piagetian process of absorbing new experiences into current knowledge structures

97
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Pagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience

98
Q

1) sensorimotor stage?
2) preoperational stage?
3) concrete operation stage?
4) formal operations stage?
(4 stages of cognitive development in paigent’s theory)

A

1) stage characterized by a focus on the here and now without the ability to represent experiences mentally
2) stage characterized by the ability to construct mental representations of experience but not yet perform operations on them
3) stage characterized by the ability to perform mental operations on physical events only
4) stage characterized by the ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now

99
Q

What is object permanence?

A

the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view

100
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

inability to see the world from others’ perspectives

101
Q

What is conversation?

A

Piagetiam task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount remains the same

102
Q

What is scaffolding?

A

Vygotskian learning mechanism in which parents provide assistance in children’s learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent

103
Q

what is the zone of proximal development?

A

phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction

104
Q

what is theory of mind?

A

ability to reason about about what other people know or believe

105
Q

What is stranger anxiety?

A

a fear of strangers, developing at 8 or 9 months of age

106
Q

What is temperament?

A

basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin.

107
Q

what is attachment?

A

the strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest

108
Q

What is contact comfort?

A

positive emotions afforded by touch

109
Q

what is mono-operation bias?

A

drawing conclusions on the basis of only a single measure

110
Q

what is average expectable environment?

A

environment that provides children with basic needs for affection and discipline

111
Q

what is gender identity?

A

individuals’ sense of being male or female

112
Q

What is gender role?

A

a set of behaviours that tend to be associated with being male or female

113
Q

what is identity?

A

our sense of who we are, and our life goals and priorities

114
Q

what is a psychological crisis?

A

dilemma concerning an individual’s relations to other people

115
Q

what is emerging adulthood?

A

period of life between the ages of 18 and 25 during which many aspects of emotional development, identity, and personality become solified

116
Q

what is midlife crisis?

A

supposed phase of adulthood characterized by emotional distress about the aging process and an attempt to regain youth

117
Q

What is empty nest syndrome?

A

alleged period if depression In mothers following the departure of their grown children from the home

Psych 100 (1 decks)

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