Psych 1 Test Flashcards
What Greek word does the term psychology come from? What does it mean?
PSYCHE - “breath, spirit, soul” & logia meaning “study of”
Psychology is the study of what?
Mind and behavior
Psychology relies on WHAT to investigate questions/arrive at conclusions?
Scientific methods
techniques psychologists use to study human mind/behavior?
Naturalistic observation, experiments, case studies, and questionnaires
What are five different perspectives psychologists take?
biological Humanistic Cognitive Behavioral Evolutionary
Some of the biggest subfields with in psychology include what?
Clinical, personality, cognitive, developmental, social psychology
Psychology explores what two issues?
Real world and theoretical
What is basic research?
Adding information to our overall knowledge about human mind and behavior
What is applied research?
Solving and applying psychological problems to real-world situations
Names four possible career options in psychology.
Clinical, forensic, health, and industrial organizational psychology
Psychology studies both ______ and ________ behavior
Normal - abnormal
Psychology seeks to ________, _______, _______, and ______ behaviors (D, E, P, M)
Describe, explain, predict, (and) modify
What are the four major goals of psychology? (DEPM)
DESCRIBE human thought/behavior
EXPLAIN why behaviors occur
PREDICT how, why, when behaviors will occur in future
MODIFY & improve lives of individuals & society as a whole
What is the little Albert experiment?
Nine-month-old baby given white rat to play with.
Every time child touches rat, a noise is conducted.
(creates fear of things white & fuzzy)
Stanley Milgrum experiment
Real teacher ask questions to actor student.
Placed in separate rooms.
Student answers Q. wrong = shock
Fake shock, recording of screams.
14 out of 40 teachers stopped experiment.
What is informed consent?
Knowing and consenting to being involved in research
What is deception?
Participants not told truth about experiment
What is coercion??
Participant cant be coerced/persuaded to give consent to be in study
Define risk.
Participants can’t be placed in significant mental or physical risk
Explain debriefing procedures.
Participants must be told purpose of study and provided with ways to contact researchers about results
Name for descriptive research methods
Survey: questionnaire
Case Studies: 1 person studied in depth to reveal universal principles
Naturalistic Observation: observing & recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without manipulation and/or control.
Correlation Study: Studies relationships between variables without inferring casual relationships (describe how strongly to variables are related) negative, positive, or not correlated
Name for experimental research methods.
Cross-sectional study: different ages compared with one another
longitudinal study: same people
restudied/retested after long time
double-blind procedure: research participants and staff don’t know who’s received placebo/treatment
classical conditioning: learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli
Steps in scientific method.
Defined question/purpose gather info/research hypothesis experiment analyze results/conclusion
Applied research examines what?
Specific set of circumstances (real-world application)
Basic research focuses on what?
Fundamental principles and testing series (increase knowledge base)
The study of people or animals in their natural environment is called what?
Naturalistic observation
The observer effect is what?
Tendency of people to act a certain way when they know they are being observed
The observer bias is what?
Tendency of observers to see what they expect to see
What is the correlation method?
statistical way to find/measure patterns/relationships in the info
Define correlation coefficient.
A number derived from the formula for measuring a correlation and indicating the strength and direction of a correlation
What are the two different directions accordingly should call efficient can have?
Positive: same direction
negative: opposite direction
Does a correlation mean there is causation?
No
Define dependent variable
Variable that represents measurable response/behavior of subjects in experiment
Define independent variable.
Variable in an experiment that is manipulated by experimenter
Difference between control group and experimental group
Control group:
experimental group: only group with independent variable
What is the placebo effect?
Phenomenon in which expectations of participants in the study can influence their behavior
Explain the experimenter affect and double-blind experiment
experimenter effect: experimenters expectations of participants unintentionally influencing study results
double-blind experiment: neither experimenter or subject know if subjects are experimental or control
Wilhelm Wundt
Established first laboratory: 1879
Structuralism: structure of mind
What is structuralism?
Structure of mind
William James
Functionalism
What is functionalism?
How it functions
G. Stanley
Founded APA
Opened first psychology lab in US
What is the APA?
American Psychology Association
Sigmund Freud
Focused on the unconscious mind
father of psychoanalysis(study of unconscious mind)
What is behaviorism?
Observation of human behavior
Answer to psychoanalysis
John B. Watson
Founded behaviorism
little Albert experiment
Ivan Pavion
Classical conditioning experiment (accidental)
BF Skinner
Operant conditioning
What is operant conditioning?
……
Mary Calkins
Rejected from Harvard because female
First female president of APA
What is humanism?
Becoming the best person you can be
Abraham Maslow
Created Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Theory of self actualization
What is self actualization?
Reaching full potential
What is evolutionary psychology?
……
What is cognitive perspective?
How the mind processes info
What is positive psychology?
Shifting negative aspects to positive aspects
What is gesalt psychology?
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
What is sociocultural perspective?
How society and culture influence
What is biopsychology?
Study of biological basis of behavior and mental process
What is the job of the occipital lobe?
Vision
What is the job of the frontal lobe?
Thinking, calculating
What connects the frontal lobe and occipital lobe?
Bunch of fibers
What does the cerebellum do?
Balance and coordination
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
Fight or flight syndrome
Bring transmittal has how many different lobes?
4
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemical messengers the brain releases
Sometimes you can have too much/too less
Name two neurotransmitters.
Serotonin: obsessive, addictions
dopamine: pleasure, addiction, crave, relaxation
oxytocin: attachment, affection
What is the Limbic system?
Part of brain associated with love, passion, and lust
Teens use it more (their overdrive)
