psyc3505 final

Question 1

unipolar

Answer 1

a single depressive mood experience

Question 2

bipolar

Answer 2

involves mania and depression

Question 3

major depressive disorder

Answer 3

• one or more major depressive episodes or irritable mood episodes
• loss of pleasure
• change in weight or appetite
• sleep problems
• fatigue or loss of energy
• feelings of worthlessness or guilt
• difficult thinking or concentrating
• thoughts of death or suicidal thoughts and behaviour

Question 4

persistent depressive disorder

Answer 4

same symptoms of MDD but symptoms are less severe and more chronic (symptoms must be present for at least one year)

along with 2 or more of the following:
- poor appetite or overeating
- sleep disturbances
- low energy or fatigue
- low self-esteem
- difficulty concentrating or making decisions
- feelings of hopelessness

Question 5

epidemiology of depression

Answer 5

MDD is the most prevalent form of affective disorder among children and adolescents
- clinical sample: 80%
- community sample: 0.4-2.5%
- lifetime prevalence rates of diagnosable depressive disorders are 20-30%

Question 6

SES, ethnic, and cultural considerations

Answer 6

lower ses = higher rates of depression
- possible influences of income on MDD:
1) chronic stress (on mood and physical symptoms)
2) family disruption
3) environmental adversities
4) racial and ethnic discrimination

Question 7

etiology of depression (biological)

Answer 7

• genetics (highly heritable, higher rates in first-degree adult relatives, genetic effects may influence personality and temperament)
• neurochemistry and brain functioning (serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and builds on research that finds certain classes of medication are effective as antidepressants): low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine are a result of too much reabsorption by the neuron and the breakdown of neurotransmitter too efficiently

Question 8

etiology of depression (sociopsychological)

Answer 8

• separation and loss (can produce adverse circumstances including lack of care, changing family structure, SES problems)
• cognitive and interpersonal perspective (interpersonal skills cognitive distortions, views of self, control beliefs, self regulation, and stress)

Question 9

impact of parental depression

Answer 9

children from homes with a depressed parent are at a greater risk of developing MDD and other disorders (genetic and non biological factors)

Question 10

assessment of depression

Answer 10

1. self-reported measures: children’s depression index (CDI) and revised children’s anxiety and depression scale
2. parental/teacher measures: behavior assessment system for children (BASC)
3. observations and clinical judgment

Question 11

treatment of depression (medications

Answer 11

-past: tricyclic antidepressants
-present: SSRIS and second-generation anti-depressants

Question 12

treatment of depression (cbt and interpersonal psychotherapy)

Answer 12

-challenge maladaptive thoughts and negative attributions, teach problem-solving/coping skills
- understand interpersonal issues and problem solving

Question 13

bipolar disorder

Answer 13

involves the presence of mania as well as depressive symptoms

Question 14

mania

Answer 14

period of abnormally elevated euphoric mood

Question 15

euphoria

Answer 15

inflated self-esteem, high rates of activity, speech and thinking, distractability, exaggerated feelings of physical and mental well-being