Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC221 > PSYC221 Final > Flashcards

PSYC221 Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mind?

A

A system that creates representations of the world so that we can act and achieve goals
OR
What creates and controls mental functions such as perception, attention, memory, decision making, reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is cognition?

A

The mental processes, such as perception, perception, attention
It is created by the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

The study of cognition aka mental processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who was Franciscus Donders?

A

First researcher to study cognition. Did a reaction time study in the 19th century

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who is Wilhelm Wundt?

A

Founded the first laboratory of psychology

, was a structuralist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is structuralism?

A

Overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience, pasts make up a whole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Analytic introspection

A

Wundt. A trained ability to describe experiences for study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who was hermann ebbinghaus

A

An early researcher into memory tested himself on nonsense 3 letter combos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who was Williams James

A

Noticed that attending to one thing involves ignoring others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who is John watson

A

The founder of behaviorism, identified the issues with structuralism. Little Albert experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is behaviorism

A

Studying the mind is impossible, but conclusions can be made by studying behavior. Pavlov, Skinner and Watson.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who is Chace Tolman?

A

Early cognitive psychologist. Taught rat to find food in a maze. Discovered the cognitive map

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What was the cognitive revolution?

A

During the 1950s psychologists shifted away from behaviorism towards the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a flow diagram?

A

The processing system of a computer, occurs in stages, has filters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who suggested the first flow diagram?

A

Broadbent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What did Broadbents diagram look like?

A

Input - filter - detector - memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does miller mean by the magical number plus or minus two?

A

He is referring to the number of items a human can hold in their short term memory. Usually the length of a phone number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What did the late 1960s model look like?

A

Input - sensory memory - short term memory - long term memory
Long term memory went back and forth with short term and rehearsal occurred in short term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the three components of long term memory

A

Semantic - knowledge/ facts, episodic - life events, procedural - tasks/ physical actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is neuropsychology?

A

Studying the behavior of those with brain damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is electrophysiology?

A

Listening to the activity of single neurons, measuring electrical responses in the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is brain imaging?

A

A study technique that takes images of brain activation through PET and later MRI imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

The study of the physiological basis for cognition. How does the brain carry out mental processes?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What were the early conceptions of neurons?

A

Discovered by applying a stain to brain tissue. Thought it was one continuous fiber called a nerve net

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What was the golgi stain?

A

An extremely thin slice that was stained. Revealed individual neuron cell, discovered by Ramon y Cajal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the parts of a neuron

A

Cell body, dendrites, axon, synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a receptor

A

A neuron in a sense organ that has a specialized receptor instead of dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is an electrode tube?

A

A small shaft of glass that can pick up electrical signals from electrodes. It records action potential and therefore neuronal firing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a neurotransmitter

A

A chemical signal sent between an axon terminal and a dendrite through the synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What was the early research into neural firing focused on and why?

A

Vision, it was easy to control light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are feature detectors

A

Neurons that fire in response to specific features such as orientation, movement, length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is experience dependant plasticity

A

The phenomenon that experience shapes the structure of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Describe the Blakemore and Cooper kitten experiment and its findings

A

Rose kittens in an environment with only vertical lines. Kittens only responded to verticals. Had differently shaped visual cortexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In the Gross Monkey experiment what did the mystery neuron respond to?

A

Handlike shape with fingers pointing up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is heirarchical processing?

A

The brain processes information from lower to higher areas of the brain. In to out. Simple information is processed at the lowest level. Ex. processing the shape, then the object, then that it is a face, then who’s face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is sensory coding

A

How neurons represent various characteristics of the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is population coding

A

The representation of an object by the pattern of firing across a group of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is sparse coding

A

When the pattern of neurons is represented by a small group of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does localization of function mean

A

Specific functions are served by specific areas of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is Broca’s area

A

An area in the frontal lobe discovered by paul broca when studying brain damage patients. Broca’s aphasia results in jumbled sentences, slow speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is Wernicke’s area

A

Discovered by Carl Wernicke. An area in the temporal lobe, that if damaged causes Wernicke’s aphasia and results in incoherent speech that is fluent and grammatically correct and a lack of speech recogniton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How did they discover that vision was in the occipital lobe?

A

Studies of Japanese soldiers during WW1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where is the auditory complex

A

Upper temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex

A

Parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What occurs in the frontal lobe

A

Coordination, thinking, problem solving, receives all sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is prospagnosia?

A

Damage to the lower right temporal lobe. Inability to recognize faces, including their own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Double dissociation

A

If something at sight 1 causes A, but not B, while something at sight 2 causes B but not A they can be seen as independent mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is a voxel

A

The pixel of an fMRI, it is a 3D image that is about 2-3mm on each side. Shows increase or decrease in brain activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the fusiform face area

A

The area that responds to pictures of faces. Damaged in prosopagnosia patients. Is more an experts region as it responds for cars and birds for those kinds of experts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the parahippocampal place area

A

Responds to spatial layout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the extrastriate body area

A

Activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What did Alex Huth learn when he had participants watch movies in an fMRI

A

That many things are localized but also trigger multiple specific locations in different places

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Distributed representation

A

Activates many areas of the brain. While function is localized, we are completing many functions at once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is a neural network

A

An interconnected web of areas of the brain that communicate with eachother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is structural connectivity

A

The brain wiring diagram connecting different part of the brain

56
Q

What is track weighted imaging

A

Detects water diffusion through the brain, shows that brain wiring is unique like a fingerprint

57
Q

What is functional connectivity

A

Functional pathways that exist within the structural pathways that meet a specific function

58
Q

How do we know if two areas are functionally connected

A

If they are both activated during the same task

59
Q

What is resting state fMRI

A

The activity that is recorded when not doing a task

60
Q

What is the executive control network

A

Controls higher level cognitive tasks involving working memory, attending and decision making

61
Q

What is default mode

A

Mind wandering, life story, social functions, monitoring of internal emotional states

62
Q

What is the salience network

A

Attends to survival relevant information

63
Q

What is perception

A

Experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses

64
Q

Why is it difficult to design a percieving machine?

A

Stimuli is ambiguous, objects can be hidden or blurred, look differrent from each angle, scenes contain high levels of infomation

65
Q

What is the inverse projection problem

A

The image on the retina can be created by many things at different distances and angles

66
Q

What is bottom up processing

A

Starts from the beginning of the system, the environment stimulates the receptors and this information is passed to the brain

67
Q

What is top down processing

A

Processing that originates in the brain

68
Q

How is speech segmentation top down processing

A

We perceive word gaps where there are none

69
Q

What are transitional probabilities

A

Calculations the brain makes about how likely it is that one sound will follow another

70
Q

What is hemholtz’s theory of unconscious inference

A

Everything we perceive is based on unconscious inferences that we make based on our experience

71
Q

What is the likliehood principle

A

We percieve the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli

72
Q

What are some of the gestalt principles of organization?

A

Good continuation - ropes in a not, Pragnaz / Good figure - olympic rings, similarity - we group similar objects

73
Q

What was wrong about gestalt theories

A

They believed in top down processing but believed it was all innate not learned

74
Q

What are some physical regularities that cause optical illusions

A

Oblique effect, light from above assumption

75
Q

What is a scene schema

A

Knowledge of what a given scene usually contains

76
Q

What is the bayesian inference

A

The hypothesis that states we make estimate of probability based on prior probability and likliehood (present evidence)

77
Q

How is the oblique effect represented in the brain?

A

More neurons for verticals and horizantals

78
Q

What was the greeble experimenant?

A

Gauthier had participants becomes experts in greebles and found it activated the FFA

79
Q

What are the two processing streams in the brain

A

Perceiving objects, locating and taking action towards objects

80
Q

What are the what and where streams

A

The two processing streams in the dual processing model

81
Q

What is the object discrimination problem

A

Tests ability to identify an object that was previously presented

82
Q

What is a landmark discrimination problem

A

Tests the ability to identify a location that was previously shown

83
Q

Where is the what pathway in the temporal lobe

A

Ventral pathway

84
Q

Where is the where pathway in the temporal lobe

A

Dorsal pathway towards pareital lobe

85
Q

What is brain ablation and lesioning

A

Purposeful removal of a part of the brain - incurring. brain damage for study

86
Q

What study showed that there are different mechanisms for judging orientation and coodrinating vision and action

A

Card holding brain damage test. Could not replicate a way of holding a card but could rotate card to fit in slot

87
Q

What are mirror neurons

A

Neurons that fire when observing someone doing the action as well as while doing the action

88
Q

How do we know mirror neurons respond to intention?

A

Picking up cup study. Showed a person reaching for an empty cup, a full cup and an unclear cup. Had stronger response for the cups with clear intentions

89
Q

Size weight illusion

A

If two objects are the same weight but different sizes the smaller one is percieved as heavier due to surprise

90
Q

What did Colin Cherry find while doing a dichotic listening task with shadowing?

A

Participants could only remember the words they said aloud but they were aware of the gender of the other voice

91
Q

What is an early selection model

A

A model that eliminates the unattanded information at the beginning with the filter

92
Q

What did Moray find that disproved Broadbent’s early selection theory

A

Participants responded to their names being said in unattended ear

93
Q

What occured with the Dear Aunt Jane experiment?

A

Participants heard a string of words and numbers and were told to attend to one ear, but ended up combining words from each to here coherent phrases, top down processing

94
Q

What was the attenuator and how did Anne Treisman modify the model of attention

A

Replaced filter with attenuator, it seperated information based on its meaning not just physical characteristcs. Treismans model was the leaky faucet. All messages pass through attenuator but the unattended ones are weak and fade

95
Q

What is the late selection model

A

Information is filtered out later, all information is processed to the level of meaning

96
Q

Which is right? Early or late selection?

A

Both can be proven depending on the task

97
Q

What is processing capacity

A

The amount of information people can process

98
Q

What is perceptual load

A

The amount of processing capacity that a task requires

99
Q

What did Sophie Forster find about low load and high load tasks

A

Did a high load task and a low load task and then presented a distraction, it impacted the low load task far more as there was room for it to be processed

100
Q

What is the stroop effect

A

The difficulty to name the colour of a printed word

101
Q

What is stimulus salience

A

The physical properties of the stimulus and how they influence attention

102
Q

What is attentional warping

A

Brain responding to things related to the object one is attending for

103
Q

Does it make a difference if a cellphone is handheld on driving accidents

A

No

104
Q

What is inattentional blindness

A

Missing objects when purposefully attending to something - the dancing bear

105
Q

Sensory memory

A

Breif persistence of a sense after its occurence

106
Q

What is the modal model of memory

A

Has LTM and ST, has control processes such as rehearsal, has encoding, retrieval and sensory memory

107
Q

What is the duration of short term memory

A

15-20 seconds

108
Q

What is chunking

A

Grouping objects into larger meaningful units

109
Q

Working memory vs STM

A

Working memory uses memory, it doesn’t just sit there

110
Q

What is the phonological loop

A

Language, a few seconds

111
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

Picturing things

112
Q

Central executive

A

Directs other components of working memory

113
Q

What impact did the tamping rod have on Phineas Gage

A

Ruined his impulse control and reasoning, needed his temporal lobe for executive functioning

114
Q

Is information held in memory by a change in neuronal connectivity or continual nerve firing?

A

Change in connectivity

115
Q

Reading span test and SAT

A

Reading span asks participants to remember last words of a span of sentences in order, number of words remembered correlates to SAT scores

116
Q

What is the serial positon curve

A

A graph that is made to show how well a list of words is remembered, compares percentage of those who remembered the word to its place on the list, it forms a curve due to the primacy and recency effect

117
Q

What is proactive interference

A

When previously learned, similar informaiton confuses participant and interferes. Ex remembering a second list that is of the same category as a previous one

118
Q

How do we know long term and short term memory is functionally seperate

A

Double dissociation brain injury cases

119
Q

Are episodic and semantic memories different in the brain?

A

Yes there are double dissociative brain damaged patients to prove it

120
Q

Is there any overlap for episodic and semantic memory

A

Yes some was found in an fmri scan, however mostly it was different regions and part of this is due to the fact that all memories have both

121
Q

Can people who have lost their ability to form episodic memories imagine the future?

A

No

122
Q

Can you retain procedural memory even if episodic memory is lost?

A

If the skill had become automatic then yes, skilled violinists

123
Q

What is expert induced amnesia

A

Experts lost ability when they think about it and do not know what they doing as it happens

124
Q

Propagana effect

A

Participants more likely to rate things they ahve heard before as true

125
Q

Maintenance vs elaborative rehearsal

A

Maintanence is repetition elaborative involves creating or connecting

126
Q

What can help with memory

A

Generating, relating to self, images, survival, organization, retrieval practice

127
Q

How do most memory errors occur

A

Not during encoding but during retrieval

128
Q

State dependent learning

A

Matching learning and testing environments

129
Q

Consolidation

A

Solidifying memories in LTM

130
Q

How are memories physiologically consolidated

A

Start in the hippocampus, paths are made to the cortex and then these paths are reactivated until the hippocampus path fades and it is just the cortex

131
Q

Can a memory that is retrieved be edited and or lost

A

Yes rat experiment with tone and shock and the antibiotic showed this

132
Q

What are the hypotheses for the reminiscence bump

A

Cultural life script, cognitve (rapid change - stability), self image, youth bias

133
Q

How is emotion linked to memory

A

Amygdala linked to emotion and memory, emotion strengthens consolidation except for those with amygdala damage

134
Q

Flash bulb memories

A

Memories of learning of a shocking event - usually are edited due to reconsolidation and are therefore false

135
Q

Illusory truth effect

A

More likely to evaluate a statement as true if it presented repeatedly - propaganda effect?

136
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Misleading information presented after an event can change memory of the event

PSYC221 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions