Psyc213 Exam Flashcards
LEARN
Attitudes
Evaluations of a target expressed with some level of intensity.
Subjective norms
Beliefs about how people around them view their behaviour.
Perceived behavioural control
Ease with which people think they can engage in particular behaviour.
Cognitive Dissonance
People troubled by inconsistency between thoughts, feelings and actions and as a result experience an unpleasant emotional state or dissonance.
Effort justification
A common dissonance experience also comes from paying a high price for something that turns out disappointing
Persuasion
Process by which attitudes are changed.
Central route
People think carefully about the content of a message
Peripheral route
People are influenced by superficial cues in a message.
Social influence
Social influence refers to the many ways that people impact one another.
Conformity
Tendency to change one’s perceptions, beliefs, or behaviour in response to real or imagined pressure from others.
What are the three major kinds of social influence
Conformity, Compliance, Obedience
Informational influence
Influence producing conformity when a person believes others are correct in their judgment.
Normative Influence
Influence that produces conformity when a person fears the negative consequences of appearing deviant.
Private Conformity
Change in beliefs when a person truly accepts the position taken by others.
Public Conformity
Superficial change in behaviour produced by real or imagined group pressure without change in opinion.
Compliance
Changes in behaviour elicited by direct requests from others.
Door in the Face Technique
Making a very large request that one will certainly refuse and then following that with a more modest request
Free gift technique
Giving small gift to someone or doing a small favour increases likelihood to complying with subsequent request
Foot in the Door Technique
Compliance technique in which one makes an initial small request followed by a larger request involving the real behaviour of interest
Low Balling Technique
Strategy in which the person secures agreement with a request, but then increases the size of the request by revealing hidden costs
That’s not all technique
Strategy in which something is added as a bonus or reduced as a discount from the original offer
Scarcity Technique-
Strategy in which appeal of item increased by making it appear rare or temporary
Emotional Contagion
Emotional contagion is the spontaneous spread of emotions and related behaviors among individuals or groups
Obedience
Behaviour change produced by the commands of authority.
Social facilitation
The process by which the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks, but impairs performance on difficult tasks.
Social loafing
The tendency for people to relax in the presence of others when their individual performance cannot be evaluated.
Deindividuation
The loss of a person’s sense of individuality and the loosening of constraints on behaviour when people can’t be identified
Groupthink
A group decision making style characterized by excessive pressure among group members for consensus leading to inadequate appraisal of options and poor decisions.
Group polarization
The tendency for group discussion to exaggerate and strengthen the initial leanings of the members in a group.
Similarity-Attraction-
People tend to like others who are more similar to themselves
Attachment styles
The way a person typically interacts with significant other.
4 types of attachment styles
Secure, Anxious preoccupied, Dismissing avoidant, Fearful Avoidance
Three variables of love
Passion, Intimacy, Commitment
Excitation transfer
Process by which arousal caused by one stimulus is added to arousal from a second stimulus and attributed to the second stimulus
Four horsemen
Criticism, Defensiveness, Stone walling, contempt
Destructive behaviors
These can involve actively harming the relationship or passively harming it.
Constructive behaviors
These can involve actively trying to improve the relationship or passively remaining committed to the relationship.
Kin Selection
Preferential helping of genetic relatives to increase likelihood that genes held in common will survive
Reciprocal Altruism
Helping others increases odds that they help you in return.
Arousal Cost-Reward Model
Observers of a victim’s suffering will want to help in order to relieve their own personal distress.
Altruism
Motivated by the desire to improve another’s welfare.
Egoism
Motivated by the desire to increase one’s own welfare.
Bystander effect
Effect where the presence of others inhibits helping
Good Samaritan Study
We may not act on good intentions at times because of distraction or time pressure
Pluralistic ignorance
State in which people in a group mistakenly think that their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviours are different from others in the group
Diffusion of responsibility
Belief that others will or should take responsibility for providing assistance to a person in need.
Good mood effect
Good mood increases helping behaviour.
Aggression
behaviour intended to injure someone physically or psychologically.
Violence
Aggression that is intended to cause extreme injury.
Hostile or emotional aggression
Inflicting harm to hurt the target; usually a result of anger, frustration, or hatred.
Instrumental aggression
Inflicting harm in order to obtain something of value.
Relational aggression
behaviour that is intended to damage another person’s social relationships.
Social learning theory
behaviour is learned through the observation of others as well as through the direct experience of punishments and rewards.
Culture of honour
Culture in which people are taught to defend their reputation by responding to threats and insults with aggression
Frustration-Aggression Theory
Idea that (a) frustration always elicits the motive to aggress; and (b) all aggression is caused by frustration
Displaced aggression
Aggressing against substitute target because aggressive acts against the source of the frustration are inhibited by fear or lack of access
Catharsis
Reduction in motive to aggress as a result of the imagined, observed, or actual act of aggression
