PSYC2050 - Wk9 LTM Encoding & Retrieval Flashcards
What are misinformation effects?
When incorrect information given during questioning can reduce memory accuracy
What is an example of a misinformation effect?
Asking: did the blue car turn right? (When it was actually a green car)
What is an example of recovered memories (Braun et al., 2002)?
Ps rated advertisements and then 16% claimed to met Bugs Bunny at Disneyland (impossible)!
How have false memory effects been recreated in the lab by Deese, Roeidger & McDermott?
Ps study a list of related words - bed, dream, wake, tired, blanket, yawn
About 50% of the time, Ps falsely recall and recognise sleep as being on the list
What do false memory and misinformation effects suggest about how memory works? 2
It is a reconstructive process & it is difficult to recover accurate source info
How do researchers advise that courts approach repressed memories?
They recommend independent objective evidence be found before courts rely on reported memory
What is levels of processing theory?
Deeper levels of processing, more semantic, are what gets information stored in LTM and keeps it there.
What are three ways Craik (1977) used orthographic, phonological and semantic study tasks?
Orthographic: is it lower/upper case?
Phonological: FROG - does it rhyme with DOG?
Semantic: is it a living thing?
Why does intentional learning produce the same accuracy as semantic study?
Because people are experienced at memory. We know how to remember things.
How do Jacoby, Craik & Begg (1979) show that deeper semantic analysis leads to better memory? [3: task, result, why]
Ps study task: imagine object and evaluate size differences. Unexpected test showed better memory for smaller size differences. Less obvious size differences required deeper processing about the object: better memory.
Why is there better memory for more elaborate study tasks, like “the great bird swooped down and carried of the struggling ____{chicken}”? 2
More connections provide more retrieval cues and paths
What are 3 things elaborating processing is associated with?
Organisation, chunking, understanding (interpretation)
What is a problem with LOP theory?
Circular argument which doesn’t really explain what good memory is
What are two approaches which have to tried to quantify depth of processing, and separate it from ‘good memory’? And what does each show?
Is it processing time? No, it doesn’t take longer (Craik & Tulving, 1975)
Is processing difficulty the critical factor? No, difficult orthographical tasks did not improve memory
What is an example of a difficult but superficial task which does not improve memory?
Does the word WITCH match CCVCC?
C= consonant
V= vowel?
Does distinctiveness work just as well as semantic processing for memory?
Yes, Eysenck & Eysenck (1980) show that distinctiveness produces better recognition for semantic and non-semantic encoding.
How do connections and relationships support retrieval?
Provide retrieval paths and cues, which help access memory of the study phase
How does distinctiveness help performance in a recognition test?
Helps discrimination among similar or related items
How did Cahill & McGaugh use slide shows of graphic surgeries to operationalise emotional learning? And what where the results on memory?
They told one group it was real, and the other that it was faked. The real group had better memory for the emotional material.
What are two ways emotion can create better memory?
- Increases arousal which increases attention. Remember what is attended strongly.
- Highlights what events are important. Eg. Emotions induced after study task still show strong effect.
What are flashbulb memories?
Detailed memories from major or disturbing events
Are flashbulb memories different to regular memories?
No they decay similarly, but people just have more confidence in flashbulb memories.
What did Levine et al find predicts how 9/11 memories for distress changed over time?
Current appraisal of importance of the attack
Is decay a major cause of forgetting?
No! Many memories are intact but just not accessible.
What did Tulving (1967) find about multiple study and recall attempts with a list of 36 words? 2
On each recall attempt, Ps remembered about 4 words they had not recalled on the previous test. But they also forgot about 4 words from the last test.
What is transfer appropriate processing?
Transfer is best when test processes overlap with processing at study.
How did Baddeley and Godden investigate state dependent learning with divers?
divers studied a test underwater or on land. They did better on the test when it was taken in the same place they learnt it.
How can schemas affect encoding and retrieval?
Repeated testing over time can cause people to encode info so it is more consistent with their own schemas.
How did Bartlett use cultural folk-tale to show the reconstructive process of memory?
Ps studied a Native American folk-tale, over time they modified the story to fit familiar elements of their own culture.
What are indirect (1) and direct test effects (2)?
Indirect: students study more if they have a test.
Direct: additional encoding of material encountered or retrieved during tests; & effects of tests on ease of retrieval
What are two aspects of testing which show improved learning?
Early testing and more frequent testing (Spitzer, 1939)
When do multiple choice questions work best?
When they get people to make retrieval efforts
What does Bork think is the most important condition for testing effects?
Retrieval has the best effects when material is not already in WM
