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PSYC2020 quiz 2 > PSYC2020 Practice Questions - Wk6 Non-Visual Sensory Systems > Flashcards

PSYC2020 Practice Questions - Wk6 Non-Visual Sensory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Broadly what are the 4 steps the auditory does?

A
  1. Transmit sound to sense organ
  2. Transduce neural signal
  3. Transmit to brain
  4. Process to provide meaningful info
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2
Q

What are the physical and corresponding perceptual dimensions of sound?

A

Amplitude -> loudness
Frequency -> pitch
Complexity -> timbre

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3
Q

What are three key areas of the ear?

A

Outer - External auditory canal to tympanic membrane
Middle - ossicles
Inner - Cochlear, semicircular canals (to cranial nerve VIII)

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4
Q

What are the folds of the outer ear and what function do they fulfil? And how?

A

Auricle (pinna) - localising sounds vertically by changing their frequency profile

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5
Q

Why did evolution give us such fragile ears?

A

Ossicles were created to deal with impedance matching problems between water and air. They evolved from jaw bones.

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6
Q

How do ossicles increase the pressure from the tympanic membrane? And how much?

A

Increase the impedance of sounds in air so that they can match fluid surrounding sensory organs.
17 plus 1.3 fold = 22 times increase in the strength of vibrations

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7
Q

What would happen if the middle ear didn’t have ossicles or was damaged?

A

Sound pressure in the air would not be strong enough to vibrate the tympanic membrane. Sound energy would be lost.

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8
Q

What good is a basilar membrane?

A

it helps separate frequencies into different areas.

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9
Q

How is acoustic energy transduced in the inner ear?

A

Hair cells contact the texctorial membrane. When both move there is shear force on the hair which activate ion channels.

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10
Q

What does tonotopic mean?

A

Each point on the basilar membrane responds to a particular frequency, this mapping is maintained through early processing.

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11
Q

Where is the basilar membrane wider?

A

Wider at the apex, narrow at the base.

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12
Q

How much do hair cells move?

A

Really not much. About 10mm at the top of the Eiffel Tower -> very sensitive and delicate.

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13
Q

What is the place theory of pitch perception?

A

Each pitch has its own place on the basilar membrane.

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14
Q

Is the place theory of pitch perception the only way we discriminate pitch?

A

No there are other possible ways

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15
Q

Why is there no simple auditory pathway? What is early brain stem processing for?

A

Sound localisation has meant that the most important aspect of sound is figuring out where it came from. This what all the early brain stem processing is for.

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16
Q

Where do the auditory nerves first synapse? Where to from there?

A

Cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. Inferior colliculus -> Medial geniculate nuclei -> A1

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17
Q

Where does sound localisation happen?

A

Brainstem

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18
Q

What are 2 ways audio info differs which are used in sound localisation?

A

Interaural time and intensity differences

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19
Q

What are coincidence detectors?

A

Neurons which detect whether input came from each ear at the SAME time

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20
Q

Where are coincidence detectors?

A

Superior Olive

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21
Q

How is interaural time difference calculated?

A

Action potentials take longer to travel to a sequence of neurons. The relative timings will ensure that only one in the sequence will get the signal at the same time. It’s where the same sound from both ears meet.

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22
Q

How are interaural intensity differences calculated?

A

Cross inhibition - MNTB interneurons inhibit the opposite side LSO. Net inhibition or excitation is passed on to higher centres.

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23
Q

Why do we have interaural intensity differences?

A

Sound is blocked by the head.

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24
Q

In the superior olive where do time differences and intensity differences get processed?

A

Medial; lateral

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25
Q

How good can people be at echolocating? 2

A

Similar discrimination to bats. Acuity similar to visual acuity in far periphery.

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26
Q

What variable does echo locator ability depend on ?

A

Age; better if younger age of blindness (neuroplasticity)

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27
Q

What is the basis of columnar organisation in A1?

A

Frequency, for V1 it would orientation

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28
Q

Is the A1 tonopic?

A

Yes

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29
Q

Would damage to auditory cortex have effects like loosing hearing in one ear and not the other (unilateral damage)?

A

Both ears contribute to early processing

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30
Q

What is conduction deafness? Does it involve nervous system?

A

Damage to tympanic membrane and ossicles (middle ear). No

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31
Q

How do you treat conduction deafness? 2

A

Hearing aid or bone conduction implants

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32
Q

What is sensorineural deafness?

A

Auditory nerve fibres are not stimulated properly

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33
Q

Which type of deafness is permanent?

A

Sensorineural

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34
Q

What are things that cause sensorineural deafness? 4

A

Infection
Trauma
Toxic substance exposure
Loud noise!

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35
Q

What is damaged in sensorineural deafness?

A

Hair cells are destroyed. They dont grow back

36
Q

How do cochlear implants work?

A

Internal electrodes stimulate nerve fibres

37
Q

What is central deafness? What does it result in?

A

Brain lesions affect auditory processing. Loss of specific functions

38
Q

What auditory functions are lost if there is damage to the left 1 and right 1 lobes?

A

Language processing (left) ; discrimination of non-language sounds (right)

39
Q

What do semicircular canals sense?

A

Head rotation

40
Q

What do otolith organs sense? 2

A

Linear acceleration - horizontal and tilt

41
Q

What does the vestibular system physically sense?

A

Changes in speed (acceleration) not constant motion

42
Q

How is inertia converted into a signal for movement?

A

Starting rotation and stopping rotation distorts cupola (sail) in ampulla (no constant motion)

43
Q

When a hair cell is excited, the cell potential is ___? What is the opposite?

A

Depolarised; inhibition results in hyperpolarisation

44
Q

For the semicircular canals, is there signal between starting and stopping motion?

A

No

45
Q

What are otolith organs? What do they detect?

A

Hair cells covered in tiny stones; they detect linear acceleration

46
Q

Can otolith system distinguish between tilt and linear acceleration?

A

No - this is how g force is simulated in VR

47
Q

Do otolith organs receive a signal throughout tilt?

A

Yes tilts illicit continuous firing above or below baseline rates.

48
Q

What is oscillopsia?

A

Bouncing vision

49
Q

What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex? What does it achieve?

A

Unpredictable head movements illicit compensatory eye movements to maintain visual fixation. Less movement on the retina.

50
Q

What are the three parts of the somatosensory system?

A

Exteroceptive: external stimuli on skin
Proprioceptive: where limbs are
Interoception: general conditions inside body

51
Q

What are the types of receptors involved in exteroception? Which one is fast vs slow?

A

Mechanoreceptors (deform due to force) - fast
Temperature receptors
Nociceptors (sharp, burn, freeze, slow burn) - slow

52
Q

Which receptors are large myelinated (100m/s)?

A

Non-stroking mechano-receptors: touch and proprioception

53
Q

What do ruffini endings sense?

A

Skin stretch

54
Q

What is the purpose of pain being slow?

A

To ensure prolonged care for damage

55
Q

What is Ondine’s curse?

A

No ‘air hunger’; no reflex for breathing

56
Q

What are the two somatosensory pathways? What does each one carry?

A

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus(touch and proprioception)

Anterolateral (pain and temp)

57
Q

Why do dermatomes suggests a quadrupedal origin of humans?

A

If you bend over they line up.

58
Q

What are the implications of damage to the spinal for the somatosensory pathways?

A

The lower the damage the better

59
Q

Which pathway ascends ipsilaterally in the spinal cord?

A

DC-ML

60
Q

Where do pain and temperature nerves decussate?

A

In the dorsal cord entry

61
Q

Does damage to S1 area cause major deficits in sensation?

A

Not generally due to early parallel pathways

62
Q

What type of RFs are found in S1?

A

Centre surround

63
Q

Why is pain adaptive?

A

It stops us doing damage to ourselves

64
Q

Where is pain localised in the brain?

A

It’s not, its very diffuse with no single structure

65
Q

How would a prefrontal lobotomy affect the experience of pain?

A

No change in pain threshold, but reduced emotional response to pain

66
Q

What is the ACC involved in?

A

Emotional response to pain; don’t care about it

67
Q

What endogenous mechanism controls pain?

A

PAG analgesia

68
Q

What is descending control of pain? 3 steps

A

Opiates in PAG; signal to raphe nuclei; axons to dorsal columns excite inhibitory spinal interneurons that block pain signals

69
Q

What can modulate PAG activity? 3

A

Electric stimulation
Opiate pain drugs
Endorphins

70
Q

How do we sense volatile chemicals?

A

Odour

71
Q

How do we sense non-volatile chemicals?

A

Taste

72
Q

What are multiple responses to chemical sense? 3

A

Identification
Affective
Initiate physiological changes (food)

73
Q

Where are olfactory receptors found?

A

Olfactory mucosa?

74
Q

How does a blow to the head affect smell sensation?

A

Axons are severed, as they pass through cribiform plate to olfactory bulbs.

75
Q

What is component processing in olfaction?

A

Odours are identified by the activity pattern they produce.

76
Q

Can smells change as they become more intense?

A

Yes this is due to component processing and lower threshold ORs coming into play.

77
Q

Is their topographic layout in olfaction?

A

Yes there is evidence, but we dont know what’s happening.

78
Q

What is special about the olfactory pathway?

A

The only sense that goes straight to lymbic system.

79
Q

What is the thalamic-orbitofrontal pathway for? 3

A

Conscious perception of odours, memory, attention

80
Q

What is the limbic olfactory pathway for? 3

A

Motivational responses, autonomic, emotional

81
Q

What a papillae?

A

Tastebuds

82
Q

How are sour and salt received in the mouth?

A

Through direct ion channel activation - no specific receptors

83
Q

Where do the three gustatory afferent nerves go?

A

Solitary nuclues in the medulla; then to ventral posterior media nucleus in thalamus

84
Q

What is anosmia? And what is a common cause?

A

Inability to smell; blow to head severing axons at cribiform plate

85
Q

What is ageusia? What is a likely cause?

A

Inability to taste; diffuse afferent tracts from taste receptors (multiple cells onto one nerve)

PSYC2020 quiz 2 (4 decks)

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