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PSYC2020 > PSYC2020 Practice Questions - Wk2 Gross Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

PSYC2020 Practice Questions - Wk2 Gross Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for the coronal plane?

A

Frontal

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2
Q

Why does the orientation of bipedal vertebrates matter in understanding neuroanatomy?

A

The reference directions will change depending on whether you are talking about the PNS or brain structures

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3
Q

What is the difference between afferent and efferent nerves?

A

Afferent - sensory in

Efferent - out to motor

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4
Q

What is the difference between the CNS and the PNS?

A

The CNS is the brain and spinal cord. The PNS is all the nerves outside of the skull and spine.

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5
Q

What is the relationship between the CNS and PNS?

A

The PNS transmits info to and from the CNS

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6
Q

What does the Peripheral nervous system divide into?

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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7
Q

What does the somatic nervous system deal with?

A

Interaction with the environment, motor control and sensory info

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8
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system deal with?

A

Regulating body’s internal state

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9
Q

How do the efferent nerves of the ANS divide?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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10
Q

In the ANS, what would sympathetic efferent nerves do?

A

Stimulate, organise energy, ‘wind up’

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11
Q

In the ANS would do parasympathetic efferent nerves do?

A

Conserve energy, ‘wind down

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12
Q

What system deals with voluntary interactions with the environment?

A

Somatic nervous system.

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13
Q

Can we be aware of internal states and information from our organs?

A

Yes. This is increasingly being used in clinical applications.

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14
Q

Where do ANS nerves attach to the nervous system?

A

Sympathetic - from chest and mid back

Parasympathetic - from brain, lower back

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15
Q

What neurotransmitters are used by the two sides of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic - noradrenaline/norepinephrine

Parasympathetic - acetylcholine

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16
Q

What is interoception?

A

Perception of internal states

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17
Q

What impact could a lack of interoception have on a person?

A

Inability to read internal states leads to inability to regulate themselves, or adjust to different situations ?

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18
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A

I. Olfactory (smell)
II. Optic (sight)
III. Occulomotor (eye movement)
IV. Trochlear (eye movement
V. Trigeminal (facial sensation, chewing)
VI. Abducens (eye movement)
VII. Facial (taste - front 2/3 of tongue)
VIII. Auditory/Vestibular nerve
IX. Glossopharyngeal (taste - back 1/3 of tongue)
X. Vagus
XI. Spinal accessory (neck, shoulders, head)
XII. Hypoglossal (tongue movement)

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19
Q

how could a neurologist test an organ being innovated by more than one cranial nerve?

A

Eye movement is control by two nerves

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20
Q

How are golgi stains different from Nissl stains? And what does this mean for our recent understanding of neurons and glial cells?

A

They show connections between cell bodies.

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21
Q

What are poles?

A

The number of directions for transmission by a neurone.

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22
Q

Where do you find oligodendrocytes?

A

In the CNS

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23
Q

Where do you find Schwann cells?

A

in the PNS

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24
Q

What do glial cells facilitate? 3

A

Saltatory conduction, myellination, and regeneration.

25
Q

What are differences in the function of unipolar and bipolar neurons, as opposed to multipolar neurons?

A

Unipolar - sensory
Bipolar - sensory relays
Multipolar - more involved in transferring information

26
Q

Why do nerves split as they approach the spinal cord?

A

Afferent nerves enter through the dorsal horn (back), efferent signals exit through the ventral horn (front)

27
Q

Why are there white and grey matter in the spinal cord? And what do they contain?

A

White matter is myelinated axons (white from cholesterol)

Gray matter is cell bodies and interneurons

28
Q

Are afferent neurons unipolar or multipolar?

A

Unipolar

29
Q

Are efferent neurons unipolar or multipolar?

A

Multipolar

30
Q

What does the hindbrain develop into?

A

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

31
Q

What does the midbrain develop into?

A

Mesencephalon

32
Q

What does the forebrain develop into?

A

Diencephalon and telencephalon

33
Q

How are cerebral hemispheres formed?

A

The forebrain develops the telencephalon which becomes the cerebral hemispheres

34
Q

Where do the ventricles come from?

A

They are byproducts of early development and not structures in themselves

35
Q

How is the brain protected? 2

A

Physical - skull, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)

Chemical - blood brain barrier

36
Q

Where does CSF come from, and where is it absorbed?

A

The choroid plexi produce the fluid in the ventricles, it flows through the subarachnoid space and is absorbed into he sinus, through the arachnoid villus

37
Q

What are the three meninges types?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid meninx, Pia mater meninx

38
Q

What condition do you get if CSF drainage is blocked?

A

Hydrocephalus

39
Q

What is the role of the reticular formation?

A

Arousal - as in, staying conscious

40
Q

What structures are in the metencephalon and what do they do?

A

Pons - vital function relay centre

Cerebellum - sensory and motor control; cognitive adjustment

41
Q

What is in the myelencephalon?

A

Portion of reticular formation, but mostly axonal tracts carrying info from brain to body and back.
Vital functions - heart rate, breathing

42
Q

What structures are in the mesencephalon?

A

Tectum - colliculi

Tegmentum - substantia nigra, red nuclei, reticular formation, periaquaductal grey

43
Q

What do the superior and inferior colliculi do?

A

Visual and auditory orienting of attention, respectively

44
Q

What role does the Substantia Nigra in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Connection between substantia nigra and striatum diminished

45
Q

What structures are in the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus - ‘relay station’

Hypothalamus - controls pituitary gland

46
Q

What are the three nuclei in the thalamus?

A

Lateral geniculate - first visual synapse of optic nerve
Medial geniculate nucleus - auditory relay
Ventro Posterior Nucleus - sensorimotor relay

47
Q

What does the pituitary gland control?

A

Lactation, stress, growth and reproduction, blood pressure

48
Q

What does the Lymbic system control?

A

Four Fs, primal affect (emotional functions)

49
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A

Voluntary movement

50
Q

What is the striatum made up of?

A

Tails of caudate and putamen

51
Q

What are the two main cell types in the neo-cortex?

A

Pyramidal (large, multipolar, inward axon) and stellate (small, no axons, lateral info) cells

52
Q

Which layers of the cortex are thicker in sensory vs motor areas?

A

IV and V respectively

53
Q

Which way does information flow in the neo cortex and what is this called?

A

Vertical flow - columnar organisation

54
Q

Where is the somatosensory area of the cortex?

A

Postcentral gyrus

55
Q

Where is the motor area of the cortex?

A

Precentral gyrus

56
Q

What are the gross functional areas of the cortex?

A

Motor, somatosensory, hearing/language, visual, and executive control/planning

57
Q

What’s the best way to see the corpus callosum?

A

Frontal plane

58
Q

What are the 3 ways information can be connected in the brain?

A

Homotopic - to the same point, other side
Heterotopic - to a different point, other side
Ipsilateral - different point same side

59
Q

What happens in experiments on people with commisurotomies / callosotomies?

A

Sensory info presented to one hemisphere is not able to guide behaviour in the other, eg cannot name but can draw something

PSYC2020 (4 decks)

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