psyc121 Flashcards
operant vs. classical conditioning
operant: learning from reinforcement/ punishment
classical: environmental stimulus resulting learned behaviour
what is the cognitive perspective to psychology?
focusing on the process of how we learn, retrieve and process information
what is a criticism of the cognitive approach?
generalised
what are the five perspectives in psychology?
cognitive, psychodynamic, humanistic, evolutionary and behavioural
what is the equation for motivation?
goals + intensity= motivation
what is a proximal goal?
a easy goal to reach before achieving final goal
what is distal goal?
the distance but final goal
what are the 7 biological motivations?
thirst, hunger, sex, sleep, excretory, aggression, activity
what are the 7 social motivations?
achievement, autonomy, order, affiliation, nurturance, dominance, exhibition, play
what are the 5 theories of motivation and what do they say?
- drive-reduction: drive= tension, reduce drive
- humanistic: self-actualisation\
- evolutionary: we do what is innate and ensures survival
- incentive: motivations from conditioning e.g money made you happy in the past –> incentive to work
- self-determination: from intrinsic values
4 motivations for eating
- biological: thalamus communicates hunger
- environmental: food is available
- learned: through cultural habits
- psychological: stress eating
where in the brain does sexual motivation come from?
hypothalamus, receives hormones from pituitary gland
3 things that emotion involves
- subjective cognitive experience
- bodily arousal
- expression
what is the difference between a mood, emotion and affect?
emotion: short-term feeling due to cognitive appraisal and subjective feeling
mood: is longer term
affect: is a negative or positive emotional state
what does an emotional response require?
- cognitive appraisal
- a trigger
- physiological response
- behavioural expression
what is the cognitive component?
emotions require past events to trigger
what is the behavioural component?
the expression of 6 core expressions.
anger, disgust, surprise, sadness, happiness, fear.
what is the physiological component?
hypothalamus -> autonomic NS & endocrine system
limbic system -> amygdala links senses with feelings
cortex -> assessment of safety and expression through facial expression
What is the somatic theory of emotion?
Lange and Cannon Bard
What is the cognitive theory of emotion?
Schater- the interpretation of any emotion will cause a cognitive arousal whether you are present or not
What is the evolutionary theory of emotion?
Everything we do is to ensure species survival; innate responses.
What can make it hard to recognise emotion?
Autism- lack of understanding and emotional reciprocation
what does CRMT stand for?
Cognitive relational motivational theory
what does the crmt say?
that we must appraise situations.
primary appraisal: is determining if the situation is threatening or not
if the situation is threatening we move on to secondary appraisal: deciding how to cope with the event
