psyc121 Flashcards
operant vs. classical conditioning
operant: learning from reinforcement/ punishment
classical: environmental stimulus resulting learned behaviour
what is the cognitive perspective to psychology?
focusing on the process of how we learn, retrieve and process information
what is a criticism of the cognitive approach?
generalised
what are the five perspectives in psychology?
cognitive, psychodynamic, humanistic, evolutionary and behavioural
what is the equation for motivation?
goals + intensity= motivation
what is a proximal goal?
a easy goal to reach before achieving final goal
what is distal goal?
the distance but final goal
what are the 7 biological motivations?
thirst, hunger, sex, sleep, excretory, aggression, activity
what are the 7 social motivations?
achievement, autonomy, order, affiliation, nurturance, dominance, exhibition, play
what are the 5 theories of motivation and what do they say?
- drive-reduction: drive= tension, reduce drive
- humanistic: self-actualisation\
- evolutionary: we do what is innate and ensures survival
- incentive: motivations from conditioning e.g money made you happy in the past –> incentive to work
- self-determination: from intrinsic values
4 motivations for eating
- biological: thalamus communicates hunger
- environmental: food is available
- learned: through cultural habits
- psychological: stress eating
where in the brain does sexual motivation come from?
hypothalamus, receives hormones from pituitary gland
3 things that emotion involves
- subjective cognitive experience
- bodily arousal
- expression
what is the difference between a mood, emotion and affect?
emotion: short-term feeling due to cognitive appraisal and subjective feeling
mood: is longer term
affect: is a negative or positive emotional state
what does an emotional response require?
- cognitive appraisal
- a trigger
- physiological response
- behavioural expression
what is the cognitive component?
emotions require past events to trigger
what is the behavioural component?
the expression of 6 core expressions.
anger, disgust, surprise, sadness, happiness, fear.
what is the physiological component?
hypothalamus -> autonomic NS & endocrine system
limbic system -> amygdala links senses with feelings
cortex -> assessment of safety and expression through facial expression
What is the somatic theory of emotion?
Lange and Cannon Bard
What is the cognitive theory of emotion?
Schater- the interpretation of any emotion will cause a cognitive arousal whether you are present or not
What is the evolutionary theory of emotion?
Everything we do is to ensure species survival; innate responses.
What can make it hard to recognise emotion?
Autism- lack of understanding and emotional reciprocation
what does CRMT stand for?
Cognitive relational motivational theory
what does the crmt say?
that we must appraise situations.
primary appraisal: is determining if the situation is threatening or not
if the situation is threatening we move on to secondary appraisal: deciding how to cope with the event
types of stress
frustrating: prevention of a goal
conflict due to indecision
pressure from expectations
change and need to adjust
what are the types of conflict?
approach-approach, avoidant-avoidant, approach avoidant
what is the broaden and build theory?
negative emotions= narrow attention
positive emotions= braoden
what are the types of emotional responses?
physiological, hormonal, behavioural
physiological emotional response & the hypothesis
physiological arousal, inverted U
hormonal response
increase cortisol
behavioural response
coping (maladaptive/adaptive), giving up, lashing out, over-indulging
What is the goodness of fit hypothesis and what does it say about coping?
controllable situation= problem-focused coping
uncontrollable= emotional coping
what is the ABC model?
a- stressor- activating agent
b- belief
c- consequence
CBT
what are the factors of the health belief model?
susceptibility, severity, barriers and benefits, cues to action leading to continuation or discontinuation of behaviour
what are the factors of the theory of planned behaviour?
my attitude towards a thing, whether it is socially acceptable and if i cant handle it
if yes- intention
intention –> behaviour
what is the transtheoretical model?
a loop starting at:
precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenace
what are the three models of behaviour?
transtheoretical, theory of planned behaviour and health belief model
