Psyc exam 1 Flashcards
Females tend to outlive males
T
C>B
bad
C<B
good
3 processes involved in development
biological, cognitive, and socioemotional
death of an infant before first birthday
infant mortality
development is-
lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, contextual, involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss.
Oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage
Freudian stages (five)
Trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame and doubt, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs identity confusion, identity vs isolation, generatively vs stagnation, integrity vs despair.
Erikson stages (eight)
Sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operant stage.
Piaget stages (four)
heredity and environment impact each other.
epigenetic view
Longest stage, uterine contractions dilate the cervix
First stage
baby’s head starts to move through the birth canal from maternal pushing efforts, ends when the baby completely emerges from the mother’s body
Second stage
Placenta detaches and is expelled
Third stage
correlations and causations range
-1.0 - +1.0
substance that interferes with normal fetal development and causes cognitive disabilities
teratogen
Condition in which fetus/newborn has insufficient supply of oxygen
anoxia
Brain development slows tremendously after which year of birth.
2nd
Included cerebral cortex and several structures beneath it, interprets info and makes decisions
forebrain
covers forebrain like a wrinkled cap, controls many of the brain’s essential functions
Cerebral cortex
Controls voluntary movement, expressive language, and manages higher level executive functions
frontal lobe
manages emotions, processes information from senses, storing and retrieving memories, and understanding language.
temporal lobe
processes sensory info and spacial cognition
parietal lobe
processes visual info
occipital lobe
specialization of function in one hemisphere or the other part of the brain; brain begins to specialize at birth.
lateralization
creativity intuition, holistic thinking
right hemisphere
logic, thinking, processing
left hemisphere
how many tiny gaps there are between the brain; peak greatly at birth, then slowly decreases.
Synaptic density
mood disorder after childbirth
post-partum depression
involved in grasping, object manipulation, drawing
fine motor skills
independent sitting, crawling, walking, or running
gross motor skills.
birth to 15 months old
critical periods
birth-2 years; infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical and motor actions.
sensorimotor stage
understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.
Object permanence
Given 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth- want a score of 7 or higher, checks baby’s heart rate, muscle tone, and other signs
Apgar
Given much later after baby is born, very detailed, reveals infants individuality, attentional and neonatal development, tests habituation, orientation, motor tone and activity range of stage, regulation of state, autonomic stability, reflexes.
brazelton
Occurs when the infants cheese is stroked or side of mouth is touched; infant turns head in an effort to find something to suck.
Rooting reflex
Occurs when newborns automatically suck an object placed in mouth.
Sucking reflex
Startles in response to a sudden, intense noise or movement
Moro reflex
occurs when something touches the infants palms, responds by grasping tightly
Grasping reflex
“me hungry”
Telegraphic speech
based on a system of symbols, consists of the words used by a community and the ruled for varying and combining them
language vs communication
ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set or words and rules
infinite generatively
mind- 4 minutes, touch- 32 weeks, movement- 14 weeks, tasting- 14 weeks, smelling- between 11-15 weeks, hearing/reactive listening- 16 weeks, vision- normal by 12 months.
senses before birth
sleep less across lifespan
T
surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust.
Months 0-6
jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt.
self- conscious emotions develop later
Observational measure of infant attachment, infant move through a series of introduction and separations, provides information about infant’s motivation to be near caregiver and degree to which caregivers presence provides security
Ainsworth/bowlby: Strange Situation
How quickly emotion is shown, how strong it is, how long it lasts, how quickly it fades.
temperament
Contant comfort/infantcide/surrogate mother; bonding and attachment. Infant will choose comfort and security over food.
Harlow and monkeys
very short, voracious appetite, and delay in sexual maturation. Occurs greater in children who have experienced emotional and psychological deprivation.
Deprivation Dwarfism (genie)
Believe that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action. (sun sets and “sleeps in bed”)
animism
inability to retrieve memories from a very young age
infantile amnesia
altering a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties.
conservation of mass, volume (Piaget)
Body growth and change, the brain, gross motor skills, fine motor skills, overweight, malnutrition
Physical changes as we develop
Age 0-2; infants can recognize/respond appropriately to other emotions and distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people.
When the self emerges; self recognition
Play allows children to work off frustrations and to analyze other child’s conflicts and ways of coping with them. Satisfies exploratory drive. Provides important context for the development of language and communication skills.
Play’s impact
Demanding and responsive
Authoritative
Demanding and unresponsive
Authoritarian
undemanding and responsive
permissive
Uninvolved and absent
neglectful
psychosocial theory
Erickson
Proximal zone- emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
Vygotsky
