PSYC 507: General Psychopathology Flashcards
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
A disorder marked by the inability to focus attention or by overactive and impulsive behavior, or a combination of all three. The primary cause of this disorder is thought to be biological and related to the frontal lobes. ADHD is typically treated with stimulant medications and behavioral therapy.
Anxiety Disorders
A disorder in which anxiety is a central symptom. These disorders are characterized by anxiety or emotional/physiological response to danger even without (and generally the case) an immediate threat or danger. Treatment generally consists of benzodiazepines and/or SSRI’s, CBT and/or exposure therapy.
Anxiety Sensitivity
A tendency to focus on one’s bodily sensations, assess the illogically or inaccurately, and interpret them as harmful or threatening. These maladaptive thought process are the genesis of most anxiety disorders.
Assessment Interview
The process of collecting relevant information about a client and their history. The assessment interview allows the clinician to begin forming a conceptualization of the client’s case. The clinician gathers information about the client’s history and presenting problem(s). Interviews may be structured (i.e. adhere to set list of questions) or unstructured (i.e. more conversation based).
Bipolar I vs. Bipolar II Disorder
Bipolar I disorder is characterized by a current or past full manic episode that may be preceded or succeeded by major depressive episodes. Bipolar II disorder is characterized by a current or past hypomanic episode that is preceded or succeeded by major depressive episodes. Mania differs from hypomania in that it lasts consistently for 1+ week (or if hospitalization is necessary) and the mood disturbance is severe enough to cause marked impairment. Hypomania is a less severe form of mania. Bipolar II has the potential to develop into Bipolar I if left untreated.
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
A “Cluster B” personality disorder that is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, and has marked impulsivity. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is often diagnosed in early adulthood and often has components of recurrent suicidal behavior and self-injurious behavior.
Case Study
A type of research in which one takes an in depth look at an individual and their history. Case studies are typically useful for studying disorders that are very rare. However they lack generalizability because they are completed with a single individual and cannot establish a cause/effect relationship.
Categorical vs. Dimensional Diagnosis
Terms used to refer to types of diagnostic approaches. A categorical approach, diagnosis the disorder based on symptomology described in the DSM-V. Categorical diagnosis is based strictly off of what disorder the patient is displaying symptoms. Dimensional diagnosis conceptualizes additional factors of the client’s life (i.e. severity, environmental factors, and experiences) in collaboration with the categorical diagnosis.
Clinical Significance
A term used when analyzing impact of clinical treatment experiments. Although a treatment can result in symptom reduction for an individual, clinical significance indicates whether that amount of improvement is meaningful in the patient’s life. A client can feel reduction in their symptoms and may not feel happy or satisfied in their life. Therapists should constantly monitor clinical significance of treatment in its overall impact on their client.
Comorbidity
The presence of 2+ disorders in one individual at the same time. Comorbidity is not uncommon due to borders between diagnostic categories often being blurred. Additionally, many disorders often present concurrently and must be treated as such.
Competency to Stand Trial
A legal decision as to whether a person charged with a crime has the capacity to understand the charges against them and the ability to assist with their own defense. This refers to the client’s state of mind at the time of the trial, not the time of the crime. If the client is found incompetent to stand trial, the disorder(s) will be treated until they are deemed competent.
Conduct Disorder
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms/rules are violated. The individual must be under the age of 18 and meet at least three of the possible fifteen criteria in the past year and one must have occurred in the last six months. Some possible criteria include aggression to people/animals, destruction of property, and/or deceitfulness or theft. Conduct disorder is often thought to be a predecessor to antisocial personality disorder.
Diagnosis
The determination that a person’s problems are reflective of a particular disorder. Clinicians should caution before using diagnostic labels for its negative feelings it could possibly provoke in a client and the social stigmas that can be perceived from some mental diagnosis. However, diagnoses can be beneficial in giving the clinician clarity in their client’s presenting problems and guidance towards treatment.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
A classification system for mental disorders developed by the American Psychiatric Association. It is the primary manual used for diagnosis by mental health practitioners in the United Sates and provides a common language for professionals to discuss disorders/symptoms.
Diathesis-Stress Model
This model theorizes a relationship between one’s biological nature and their environmental conditions. It hypothesizes that individuals who develop disorders have a genetic predisposition towards a disorder, which is then activated through stress in the environment. The diathesis-stress model is a biopsychosocial explanation of abnormal behavior.
Dissociative Disorders
Disorders marked by major changes in memory that do not have clear physical causes. These disorders are characterized by sudden or gradual disruption in the consciousness, memory, or perception of the environment. The disruption may last for minutes to years, depending on the type of disorder.