PSYC 425 - FINAL EXAM Flashcards by Marya Benaicha

In general psychology, we follow certain assumptions that direct our work. One of the assumptions is that our minds work under natural universal laws. Which one of these is an example we discussed in class?

a. Law of gravity
b. Law of assumption
c. Law of generalization
d. Law of attraction

Law of generalization

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Which approach suggests that people co-construct a reality through discourse with others?

a. Symbolic approach
b. Individualistic approach
c. None of the answers provided
d. Activity approach

Individualistic approach

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What is one weakness of the individualistic approach?

a. It overlooks organized social action necessary to change cultural and psychological phenomena
b. It is unclear how activity organizes psychological processes
c. Minimizes individual differences in concepts and processes
d. All answers provided

It overlooks organized social action necessary to change cultural and psychological phenomena

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One reason we study cultural psychology is to highlight the notion of normalizing group differences. This is known as_________________.

a. None of the answers provided
b. Shared context
c. Social learning
d. Multicultural approach

Multicultural approach

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What is a strength of the symbolic approach to cultural psychology?

a. Highlights the cognitive basis of psychological processes
b. None of the answers provided
c. There is emphasis on tools
d. Emphasizes individual differences in psychological phenomena

Highlights the cognitive basis of psychological processes

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Who is the father of modern-day cultural psychology?

a. None of the above
b. Steven Heine
c. Richard Shweder
d. John Berry

Richard Shweder

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What two statements are true about human beings according to Mark Van Doren?

a. All humans are neither alike nor different
b. All humans are different
c. All humans are the same
d. All humans are alike, all humans are different

All humans are alike, all humans are different

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When we say that everyone is the same everywhere we call it _________________.

a. Ethnocentrism
b. Globalization
c. Color-blind approach
d. Universal laws

Color-blind approach

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Shame is an example of which psychological universal?

a. Functional universal
b. Accessibility universal
c. Existential universal
d. Non-universal

Existential universal

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Social facilitation is an example of which psychological universal?

a. Non-universal
b. Functional universal
c. Accessibility universal
d. Existential universal

Accessibility universal

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Which one of these is one of the themes in cultural psychology?

a. Globalization
b. Ethnocentrism
c. Universal brains and cultural experiences
d. Cultural differences

Universal brains and cultural experiences

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In Bronfenbrenner’s theory, mass media would be considered part of __________.

a. Macrosystem
b. Exosystem
c. Mesosystem
d. Chronosystem

Exosystem

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What does it mean to say the psychological database is WEIRD?

a. The psychological database is difficult to navigate because of the complex topics studied.
b. None of the answers provided
c. Studies that are conducted are conducted with western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic populations which means that the results from these studies represent a specific population and cannot be generalized
d. The subjects studied have no relevance to the general population.

Studies that are conducted are conducted with western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic populations which means that the results from these studies represent a specific population and cannot be generalized

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An invention created by a cultural is known as a ___________.

a. Non-universal
b. Accessibility universal
c. Functional universal
d. Existential universal

Non-universal

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In the activity approach of cultural psychology, the theorists argue that the primary cultural influence on psychology is the socially organized activity. This would suggest___________.

a. Culture is neither externalized nor internalized
b. Culture is internalized
c. None of the answers provided
d. Culture is externalized

Culture is externalized

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Our psychological functioning is sometimes referred to as an abstract central processing unit (CPU) in general psychology. Which one of these is an example of CPU?

a. All provided answers
b. Learning
c. Memory
d. Attention

Learning, Memory, Attention

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When driving on the highway, when a police car is behind us we sometimes slow down or start to panic. This is an example of psychological processes that are shaped by our experiences.

True or False

True

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Another assumption that general psychology holds is the lack of consideration for context and content. Which one of these describes this assumption?

a. Psychosocial function vs cognitive function
b. Psychological function vs. cultural function
c. Psychological function vs. psychosocial function
d. A and B

Psychological function vs. psychosocial function

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In the approaches of cultural psychology, the symbolic approach focuses on cultural symbols that direct responses. This would suggest that culture is internalized.

True or False

True

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In Bronfenbrenner’s theory, which one of these are in the microsystem?

a. Ideologies of cultures
b. Health services
c. All the answers provided
d. Environmental changes that occur over one’s life course

Health services

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Which one of these is an example of a shared context?

a. All answers provided
b. Buddhism
c. Living on a farm
d. Gen Z

All answers provided

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Social learning is when people are existing within some kind of understanding that others are unable to understand.

True or False

False

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What is the essence of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory?

a. Viewing an individual as a whole
b. None of the provided answers
c. Viewing people within their systems
d. Relationship between systems

Relationship between systems

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Negative effects of depression could be an example of which psychological universal?

a. Existential universal
b. Non-universal
c. Accessibility universal
d. Functional universal

Functional universal

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To understand cognitive development, Vygotsky suggests that we consider________________. a. access to resources b. none of the answers provided c. one’s role in the community d. geographical setting

one’s role in the community

Which one of these is not part of the subsystems of the Niche Framework? a. Psychology of the caregiver b. Ecology c. Settings d. Customs

Ecology

Which of these theories has characteristics of a discontinuous developmental theory? a. None of the answers provided b. The Original Ecocultural Framework c. Social Ontogenesis d. The Development Niche Framework

Social Ontogenesis

Who is known for the Social Ontogenesis theory? a. Berry b. Super and Harkness c. Bronfenbrenner d. Nsamenang

Nsamenang

In the Social Ontogenesis theory, the induction into sharing and exchange norms that creates bonds is known as_____________. a. Social Apprenticing b. Ceremony of naming c. Social Priming d. Priming

Social Priming

Acculturation refers to the passing on of cultural aspects onto an individual whereas cultural transmission refers to the change occurring when different cultures are in contact with each other. True or False

False

What does cultural ecology refer to? a. All answers provided b. Geographical climate c. Communities d. A physical place and the people

A physical place and the people

The process when the caregivers project who their child should become is during________ according to the Social Ontogenesis theory. a. Priming b. Social apprenticing c. Social priming d. Ceremony of naming

Ceremony of naming

When one is assessing the development of a child and is taking time to look at who is around and what the space in which the child is developing is providing the child, they are looking at the ___________ of the Development Niche Framework. a. ecology b. setting c. customs d. the caregiver's psychology

setting

Why is it suggested that the ecocultural perspective is Eurocentric? a. All answers provided b. It was designed to benefit a specific group of people c. There is focus on the minority (Western) world d. None of the answers provided

There is focus on the minority (Western) world

Berry’s ecocultural framework is a discontinuous theory. True or False

False

The psychology of the caregivers in the Development Niche theory refers to nurturing practices. True or False

False

According to The Development Niche Framework, what affects a child’s process of development? a. Biological disposition b. Skills c. All answers provided d. Attributes

All answers provided

When an individual grew up able to tolerate lactose but has moved to a different region where they have developed an intolerance for lactose it could be an example of______________ in the Original Ecocultural theory. a. Biological adaptation b. Genetic transmission c. Observable behaviors d. Ecological influences

Biological adaptation

In the Ecological system theory the social historical circumstances and the structure of environmental events and transitions over the course of life is part of the ___________________. a. Mesosytem b. Exosystem c. Chronosystem d. Macrosystem

Chronosystem

Social responsibility in the Social Ontogenesis refers to__________. a. Ceremony of naming b. Social apprenticing c. Social priming d. Priming

Priming

In the Original Ecocultural theory, what we expect to see from an individual is known as______________. a. Individual level variables b. Observable behaviors c. All answers provided d. Inferred characteristics

Inferred characteristics

One important aspect of the sociocultural theory is that culture is significant in learning. True or False

True

Social responsibility in the Social Ontogenesis refers to__________. a. Priming b. Social Priming c. Ceremony of naming d. Social Apprenticing

Priming

Which theory is grounded in a combination of systemic observational research and personal experience? a. The Original Ecocultural Theory b. The Development Niche framework c. The Ecological System Theory d. Social Ontogenesis

Social Ontogenesis

One of the principles of the Development Niche theory is that a child’s environment is not organized as part of the cultural meaning system of a cultural community. True or False

False

An example of a socio-political context in the Original Ecocultural theory would be_____________. a. Work b. All answers provided c. School d. Law regulations

Law regulations

When an adolescent is given a curfew of 6:00 PM and they miss the curfew, they are given consequences. The adolescent misses the curfew again and they receive consequences until they are able to follow the curfew rule. What is this an example of in the Social Ontogenesis theory? a. Social Apprenticing b. Priming c. None of the answers provided d. Social Priming

Social Apprenticing

Vygotsky’s theory suggests that _________________ is the root of culture. a. Relationships b. All answers provided c. Language d. Family

Language

One of the limitations of the attachment theory is that the 3 attachment styles were not found everywhere. True or False

True

Several 4 and 5 years olds are playing together during recess. They are all playing with sand. One of the children takes as much sand that can fit in her hands and dumps it on her friend’s head while she is sitting. She starts laughing because she thinks it is funny and she found a new way to play with the sand. Her friend is not happy and starts crying because she got dirty and sand got into her eye. What aspects of the article are seen in this example? a. Risky Play b. Free Play c. All answers provided d. understanding the comfort and boundaries of their peers

All answers provided

In __________________ avoidant attachment was associated with signs of independence which is a cultural valued trait. Secure attachment was associated with signs of a spoiled child. a. Northern Germany b. West Africa c. USA d. Israel

Northern Germany

There is both a universal need for children to form attachment with caregivers and a universality with attachment styles. True or False

False

Which of these were pointed out as the benefits of outdoor risky play? a. Develop internal boundaries b. Understand level of risk children are comfortable with c. Understand the different levels of comfort and abilities of their peers d. All answers provided

All answers provided

In the Chen and Farruggia (2002) article, it is suggested that in almost all societies the concept of adolescence is present. True or False

True

In __________________ no avoidant attachment with the mother was found due to the constant proximity the mothers are with their children. a. UK b. Israel c. Germany d. Dogon, West Africa

Dogon, West Africa

According to Chen and Farruggia (2002) what evidence is there of cultural effects on the onset of puberty? a. All answers provided b. Timing of menarche c. The variation of sexual relationships d. The variation in brain development

Timing of menarche

What are the emerging issues suggested by Chen and Farruggia (2002) that need to be addressed in cross-cultural research on adolescents? a. effects of social change b. All answers provided c. effects of modern communication technologies d. examining differences in the resulting developmental process

All answers provided

According to Chen and Farruggia (2002), a cultural component that is related to an individual's intelligence is _______________. a. Type of education b. Delinquent behavior c. Impact of relationships d. Nutrition

Nutrition

According to Chen and Farruggia (2002), what might account for the cross-cultural and historical variations in age of menarche? a. Physical exertion b. Nutrition c. All answers provided d. Ecological factors

All answers provided

According to Chen and Farruggia (2002) what is the cultural variation of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? a. Timing of progression through the stages b. the stages c. Piaget's theory does not have cultural variations d. the process in which they acquire the skills

Timing of progression through the stages

A discussion in the Chen and Farruggia (2002) article suggests that in pre-industrial societies the beginning of adolescence is marked by___________________. a. major public events b. initiation ceremonies c. rights of passage d. all answers provided

all answers provided

According to the Chen and Farruggia (2002) article, the cultural variation in perceived parental warmth is due to __________________. a. parents spend time away from home to work b. all answers provided c. industrialization has led to individualism d. increased separation from children due to work leads to increased feeling of not being cared for

all answers provided

According to Chen and Farruggia (2002), adolescence is described as a period of "stress and storm" because_________________. a. of the physical maturity to perform adult functions but lack the psychological maturity b. raging hormones c. all answers provided d. major physical transitions

all answers provided

“Unmarried adolescent women are vulnerable to shameful sexual activity; they should always be chaperoned.” This is an example of___________. a. Female chastity anxiety b. Protection of the vulnerable c. Incest avoidance d. Respect for hierarchy

Female chastity anxiety

Which of these is a limitations of the parenting style theory? a. Understanding that the stage of development influences the parenting style b. All of the answers provided c. It is based on Western cultural understanding of development d. understanding how warmth and responsiveness is communicated

All of the answers provided

Secure attachement is a consistent attachment style across cultures. True or False

False

Stranger anxiety is not dependent on the context of socialization of the child. True or False

False

According to Chen and Farrugia (2002), what could result in the difficult transition during adolescence? a. The tension between relationships and forming an identity b. The tension between what is expected of them and what they want c. All the answers provided d. The tension between biology and society

The tension between biology and society