PSYC-3114 Final Exam Flashcards
Placebo Controls
Chemically inactive substance given as through a drug
Single Blind Design
Participant does not know whether they are getting the drug or the placebo
Double-Blind Design
Neither the participant nor the experimenter can know who is getting the drug and who is getting the placebo
Name 3 Catecholamines
Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Records sum of electrical events of thousands of neurons
What are the 4 Dopaminergic Pathways
Nigrostriatal, Mesolimbic, Mesocortical, Tuberohypophyseal (Tuberoinfundibular)
The Nigrostriatal Pathway is responsible for what function?
Movement
Quantitative EEG (qEEG)
Computerized analysis of large amounts of EEG data. Produces coloured maps. Initial activity may predict response.
Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) / Sensory Evoked Potentials
Electrical brain changes in response to momentary stimulation; responses to specific stimuli
Name 3 types of machines that electrically record brain activity
Electroencephalography (EEG), Quantitative EEG (qEEG), & Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)/Sensory Evoked Potentials
The Mesolimbic system is involved in…
Reinforcement & Drug Abuse
The Mesocortical Pathway plays a role in…
Motivation, emotion, schizophrenia
Computerized Tomography (CT)
High resolution 3D image of brain (radiation)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Detailed image of brain created by exposing brain to a magnetic field (image created based on differing chemical composition of tissues)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
A scanning device tracks/maps injected radioactive isotopes or drugs. Can determine binding locations of drugs or relative brain activity during tasks.
D1 knockout mice…
Can die if food is not made more palatable
D2 knockout mice…
have impairment in spontaneous movement and coordination
Single-Photon Emission Computerized Tomography (SPECT)
Similar to PET imaging but less expensive commercially available radiolabeled probes.
D3 knockout mice…
have reduced anxiety
D4 knockout mice…
are less likely to explore new environments
Functional MRI (fMRI)
Provides anatomical and functional information by detecting differences in blood oxygenation (active cells use more oxygen).
What is the best and most expensive imaging technique?
Functional MRI (fMRI)
D5 knockout mice…
develop high blood pressure
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
A MRI-based neuroimaging technique that allows visualization of the location, the orientation, and the structure of the brain’s white matter tracts.
Scans the Movement of water in neural tissue.
The noradrenergic system consists of…
the forebrain, cerebellum, and spinal cord
The noradrenergic system plays an important role in…
attention and alertness
Resting-State fMRI (rs-fMRI)
Newer use of fMRI to examine connectivity among brain regions when awake; looks for reliable patterns or correlated spontaneous neural activity.
Noradrenergic receptors are…
metatropic
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)
New tool that uses MRI data to determine concentrations of brain chemicals and metabolic changes. Only a few molecules can be measured now but has lots of potential.
Neuropharmacology Techniques
Stereotaxic Surgery, Lesioning, Microdialysis, Electrophysiological Stimulation and Recording
Radioligand Binding
Use a gamma counter to determine number of receptor to which radioligands bind in brain areas.
Receptor Autoradiography
Provides a picture of receptor distribution in brain (uses autoradiographic film)
In Vivo Receptor Binding
Provides picture of receptor distribution in brain but radiolabeled drug is injected while animal is alive; examine brain slices later
Radioligand Binding, Receptor Autoradiography and In Vivo Receptor Binding are all methods of….
Locating and quantifying neurotransmitters, receptors, and other proteins
Antibody Production
inject antigen into host animal to create antibodies; take blood samples and remove antibodies
Immunocytochemistry (ICC)
Antibody placed on tissue slices; attaches to cells containing antigen; can determine which brain areas contain antigen (coloured/fluorescent dye)
Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
antibody technique used to determine amount of a particular molecule in body fluids (test tube)
