PSYC 310 Ch 4 Flashcards
Watching people or animals in their natural habitats.
Naturalistic Observation
Extent to which researcher can be generalized to real-life situations
Ecological Validity
Studies in which the participants are aware that the researcher is observing their behavior
Undisguised Observation
Studies in which the researcher does not participate in the situation in which the research participants are involved
Nonparticipant Observation
Researcher actively participates in the situation in which the research participants are involved
Participant Observation
Participants are unaware that the researcher is observing their behavior
Disguised observation
Influence of the researcher’s expectations on the outcome of the study
Expectancy Effects
Full narrative descriptions of a participant’s behavior
Narrative Records
Tally sheet on which the researcher records attributes of the participants and whether particular behaviors were observed
Checklist
Type of item used on a checklist on which attributes that will not change are recorded
Static Item
Item used on checklist to note the presence or absence of behavior
Action Item
Social research based on field observations that is analyzed without statistics
Qualitative Research
In-depth study of one or more individuals, groups, social settings, or events
Case Study
Descriptive research method that involves describing data that existed before the time of the study
Archival Method
Involves asking questions in a face-to-face manner, and it may be conducted anywhere
Interview
Involves interviewing 6-10 individuals at the same time
Focus Group Interview
Research is conducted by a group of people to identify a problem, attempt to resolve it, and then assess how successful their efforts were
Action Research
Questions for which participants formulate their own responses
Open-ended Questions
Questions for which participants choose from a limited number of alternatives
Closed-ended Questions
Closed-ended questions with an open-ended “Other” option
Partially Open-Ended Questions
A numerical scale on which survey respondents indicate the direction and strength of their response
Rating Scale
A type of numerical rating scale developed by Renis Likert in 1932
Likert Rating Scale
A question that includes nonneutral or emotionally laden terms
Loaded Question
Question that sways the respondent to answer in a desired manner
Leading Question
Question that asks more than one thing
Double-barreled Question
Tendency to consistently give the same answer to almost all of the items on a survey
Response Bias
Questions that ask for basic information, such as age, gender, ethnicity, or income
Demographic Questions
Written survey that is self-administered
Mail Survey
Tendency for one group to be overrepresented in a sample
Sampling Bias
Tendency for the person asking the questions to bias the participants’ answers
Interviewer Bias
Survey in which questions are read to participants over the telephone
Telephone Survey
Response that is given because a respondent believes it is deemed appropriate by society
Socially Desirable Response
Survey in which the questions are asked face-to-face
Personal Interview
Sample that is like the population
Representative Sample
Sampling technique, each member of the population has a known probability of being selected to be part of the sample
Probability Sampling
Method of generating a random sample in which each member of the population is equally likely to be chosen as part of the sample
Random Selection
Sampling technique, ensures that subgroups or strata are fairly represented
Stratified Random Sampling
Sampling technique, cluster of participants that represent the population are used
Cluster Sampling
Sampling technique, individual members of the population do not have an equal or known likelihood of being selected to be a member of the sample
Nonprobablity Sampling
Sampling technique, participants are obtained wherever they can be found and typically wherever is convenient for the researcher
Convenience Sampling
Sampling technique, ensuring that the sample is like the population on certain characteristics but uses convenience sampling to obtain the participants
Quota Sampling