PSYC 250 Midterm 3

Question 1

Psychoanalytic

Answer 1

Unconscious and biological drives determine our goals and motivations (I have an unconscious drive for social connection because its necessary for survival - Sigmund freud)

Question 2

Behaviorist

Answer 2

Prior reinforcements and conditioning shape our motivations and goals - John Watson (I have developed a drive for social connection after previously experiencing positive feelings after phone call with mom)

Question 3

Humanist

Answer 3

our conscious selves determine goals and motivations (I am conscious that I enjoy or benefit from social connection so I seek to have more of those experiences)

Question 4

Social Cognition

Answer 4

the interaction between our internal traits and the external situation determine goals and motivations (calling my mom in pursuit of social cognition is the result of my personality trait of moderate extraversion interacting with my external situation of not living with her)

Internal trait: if I was less extraverted perhaps I would text instead of call

External situation: If I lived closer, perhaps I would visit instead of call

Question 5

Evolutionary

Answer 5

motivation behind behavior is seen as the need to survive and reproduce most optimally

Question 6

Goal directedness (age 0-1)

Answer 6

Infants relate to the world in a goal-directed matter- turn their bodies towards comfort and turn away from comfort

Question 7

Intentionality (1-2)

Answer 7

around 9 months infants understand that people have inner wants or goals- prefer to observe intentional acts over unintentional acts, and can tell if someone is choosing or is forced

Question 8

theory of mind (3-4)

Answer 8

older toddlers can identify that other peoples inner wants and goals direct their behavior- they can tell what information other people have available to them

Question 9

Enhanced executive functioning (4-7)

Answer 9

effortful control is more thoroughly developed into executive functioning- impulse control and distraction dismissal and long-term planning

Question 10

socialization (5-7)

Answer 10

around 5 most societies introduce children to larger groups and systematic education- education is based on what contributions to the social, economic, and moral well-being of the society

Question 11

concrete operations (7-8)

Answer 11

children think more rationally and contribute building an organizational system for understanding the world- begin to understand the moral and social convention of larger groups, building skills in planning and goal setting

Question 12

self-esteem (7-8)

Answer 12

children evaluate themselves in terms of peer acceptance and personal goals- higher goal attainment predicts higher self-esteem and vice versa

Question 13

self-determination theory

Answer 13

people are best off when they are intrinsically motivated- intrinsic motivation stems from 3 psychological needs

Question 14

Need for Autonomy

Answer 14

psychological need or drive to feel in control of one’s own experiences and behaviors, need to feel independent of external forces
(our autonomy increases the more our behaviors and goals are aligned with our deeply held values and interests)
-> considered the most fundamental of the 3 needs, like most concepts can be measured on a continuous scale

Question 15

Need for competency

Answer 15

to feel as though you can master tasks and be effective in dealing with the environment

Question 16

self-efficacy

Answer 16

an individuals belief in their capacity to act in the ways necessary to reach specific goals

Question 17

Effectance

Answer 17

the drive to be an effective agent in the environment; the need to effect change; the need for control

Question 18

Achievement motive

Answer 18

valuing doing well and achieving success using authoritative or predominant standards of excellence

Question 19

power motive

Answer 19

valuing influencing one’s environment (including other people)

Question 20

need for relatedness

Answer 20

psychological need for social connection and belonging, need to feel care for others; feel cared for BY others, need to feel that other relate to our authentic selves in genuine and mutually supportive ways

Question 21

affiliation/intimacy motive

Answer 21

valuing warm, caring, and communicative interactions with other people, valuing social connections and belonging to groups

Question 22

Implicit and explicit motives (unconscious and conscious motives) It is possible for motives to move around in the “iceberg”– we can have different shades of awareness of our motivations.

Answer 22

Explicit: i can articulate them if you ask me what my goals are
Implicit: I am less able to identify them if you directly ask me

Question 23

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 23

do you engage in the behavior for the sake of the behavior itself?
- behavior is fulfilling
- henrietta has casual sex because she finds casual sex fun and pleasurable

-

Question 24

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 24

do you engage in the behavior for some externally-sourced reward (behavior leads to reward)
- Georgina has casual sex in hopes of gaining a relationship, or gaining popularity or to feel attractive or to escape loneliness, etc

Question 25

Approach motives (promotion goals)

Answer 25

- support the self, approach situations that promise a reward, motivated towards growth, expansion, novelty - when goals are achieved we feel joy, when not we feel disappointment - more common in individualistic cultures, and earlier in life

Question 26

Avoidance- prevention goals

Answer 26

-protect the self, avoid situations that threaten harm or discomfort, motivated towards improving quality of life and close relationships - when goals are achieved we feel relief, if not we feel anxiety - more common in collectivist cultures and later in life

Question 27

primary control strategies

Answer 27

try to change the environment or situation to fit our needs, motives, and goals

Question 28

Secondary control strategies

Answer 28

try to control the self to fit the limitations and constraints imposed by the situation or environment

Question 29

Erich Fromm

Answer 29

psychoanalyst whose worked influenced humanistic psychology, born to orthodox Jewish family in Germany, childhood during WWI, adolescence during post-war depression, moves to USA right as Hitler takes political power, wants to understand "the laws that govern the life of the individual man and the laws that govern society)

Question 30

Erich Fromm Type Personality (1941)

Answer 30

Said there's a certain TYPE of personality more likely to be found among those populations - some people have a stronger orientation towards authority and heirachy, (order, structure, organization- clarity, cohesion, relief) - this TYPE- idealized having a strong authority figure at the top of the group, expecting allegiance and loyalty to trickle down

Question 31

Authoritarian personality

Answer 31

- allegiance to conventional beliefs about right vs wrong - respect and obedience to those in positions of authority - support for aggression towards those who threaten the group - this was brought by sociocultural and political changes ----post WWI challenging for Germany economy, people were ungrounded and feeling unstable, and welcoming of a strong authoritative voice to help bring order and power- this is how good people were passive parties to nazi programs

Question 32

Berkeley Authors’ personality type/trait

Answer 32

a group of psychology researchers who were all trained under the umbrella of psychoanalysis to build on Fromm's theory - they interviewed groups of American adults who indicated they were highly prejudiced against Jewish people and other groups of ethnic or religious minorities - they qualitatively analyzed the interviews and used data to develop a scale that can measure Authoritarianism: preference for authority and hierarchy

Question 33

The Authoritarian Personality (also a book title) What causes people to develop a personality that is high on authoritarianism?

Answer 33

1. economic conditions that are oppressive and disadvantageous (fosters an unending feeling of powerlessness, aligns with Frommian theory) 2. family environments that are strict and authoritative (children interpret these conditions to represent security, which aligns with Freudian theory)

Question 34

Right-wing Authoritarianism

Answer 34

Replaced Freudian notions of projecting unresolved tensions with social cognitive concepts like conditioning and social/observational learning - value obedience and authority - prefer strong hierarchies that help people understand their place in the system - strong preference for in group member, mistrustsout group member

Question 35

Mr. Heinz’s Dilemma as a way to research morality

Answer 35

Kohlberg’s Heinz Dilemma * Mr. Heinz’s wife was dying from a particular type of cancer. Doctors said a new drug might save her. * The drug unfortunately is very expensive to produce, and the cost is much higher than what Mr. Heinz can afford. * Mr. Heinz could only raise half the money, even after help from family and friends. * He is desperate to save his wife, so later that night he broke into the pharmacy and stole the drug. * Should Heinz have stolen the drug for his wife? Why or why not?

Question 36

Preconventional Stage 1

Answer 36

Punishment and obedience, physical dimensions of acts and consequences, fear of punishment, bad or wrong leads to punishments, good or right leads to NO punishments, Should Heinz steal the medicine, NO because he could go to jail

Question 37

preconventional stage 2

Answer 37

Naive Hedonism, the personal needs of the moral agent, obtaining rewards, good or right leads to rewards, pleasure is a reward, he should steal the medicine because he needs to save his wife

Question 38

Conventional stage 3

Answer 38

good little kid, the rules nad norms of peers, family and other social groups. Praise from others, loyalty to group, being nice, my closest social groups communicate what is right/wrong - Should he steal, yes bc my parents taught me that a husband takes care of his spouse, no because my parents taught me not to steal

Question 39

Conventional stage 4

Answer 39

law and order, social order, stability, status quo, duty to uphold society norms and laws, my society's broad social norms and laws communicate right/wrong - NO because it undermines the social order of how the medicine is supposed to be distributed

Question 40

post-conventional 5

Answer 40

social contract- implicit agreements that underline laws, the commitment of principles of utility, the greater good, the more people who benefit the more right an act is - Yes because the law is not just - No because it could be taking away from others who need it

Question 41

post conventional 6

Answer 41

universalizable principles, abstract principles that apply to everyone, commitment to absolute fairness and justice, treat others as you would like to be treated, fairness that may not align with quantitative equality - YES because his wife's right to life is more important than the company's right to property or profit

Question 42

Limitations of Kohlberg theory

Answer 42

- empirically the theory did not hold up, the stages or what reasoning people use do not reliably predict how they will act in a moral situation - Theory is based on stages This implies discrete categories that someone can be in, instead of exhibiting thoughts and behaviors that represent multiple stages or being in between stages Imples a linear path of development, instead of the likely "up and down" nature of developing higher moral reasoning cognitions. Theory is Justice-Based. It centers individual rights and a definition of justice that was also based on the well-being and perspectives of an individual. So Gilligan created a less individual/independent based theory and a more interdependent one that is Care-Based. Kohlberg's was not inclusive enough of other moral issues and priorities like preventing harm to others, caring for others, and expressing moral responsibility, so Gilligan's centers our social relationships and needs for belonging as a socially supportive motivation, instead of a protection from harm/do not disrupt the group motivation.

Question 43

Gilligan's thoery of moral developmet

Answer 43

Gilligan's theory was not linked to ages but rather how people think about themselves... sometimes the same self-view can be seen among 5 year olds and 45 year olds: Preconventional: I'm focused on myself, meaning only my needs and self-interests are of any importance. Conventional: I begin to consider their responsibilities towards others, orienting myself towards the feelings and needs of others. Postconventional: I fully understand the interdependence that exists between myself and others. I have learned that I must take full responsibility for my actions, while also choosing to take care of others.

Question 44

Narvaez theory of moral development

Answer 44

Evolutionary and neurobiological factors influence our moral development Evolutionary concepts such as kin selection, reciprocal altruism, and the evolution of cooperation theoretically promote survival and reproductive success Neurobiological structures such as mirror neurons and prefrontal cortexes indicate our species' need to prioritize thoughtful, rational decision-making that may promote conformity and caretaking We are first constructed by the community of care we experience within immersed relationships. Thus, precursors to adult moral capacities are shaped by community caregiving practices. Understanding what constitutes "right" and "wrong" is initially bottom-up learning from relational immersion in early life.

Question 45

Values

Answer 45

Attributing value to something is deeming it good and worthy. Values are abstract concepts about desirable outcomes and the behaviors we need to employ to get there. Someone's moral reasoning is likely shaped by their values.

Question 46

Allport and Vernon 1931: 6 categories of values that people tend to have

Answer 46

1. Theoretical - valuing truth and knowledge 2. Economic - valuing financial resources and business 3. Social - valuing relationships and societal groups 4. Religious - spiritual and transcendent values 5. Political - valuing power and influence 6. Artistic - valuing beauty, literature, and aesthetics

Question 47

Rokeach: list of 36 values that people must rank in order of importance

Answer 47

Some values were the outcomes, or the ends Some values were the behaviors, or the means to the ends Including both would allow people to express contradictions, like ranking an outcome really high, but the means to achieving it really low For example, maybe I rank social relationships as something I strongly value. But then I give very low value ranks to things like attending social gatherings, making coffee dates with friends, having phone conversations to catch up, etc.

Question 48

Schwartz: circular model of value domains:

Answer 48

2 axes or dimensions: Self-enchancement to self-transcendence (self first vs. others first) Openness to change to keeping things the same (valuing novelty and progression vs. tradition and conservation) 10 Domains: Universalism = well-being for all people, justice, equality Power = self-influence over the environment and others Benevolence = kindness, caring for others Achievement = self-success as measured by authoritative, societal standards Conformity = the conventions that promote ties between people and their groups Stimulation = excitement, novelty Security = stability, safety Self-direction = autonomy, exploration Tradition = protecting what is good from the past Hedonism = pleasure

Question 49

Traits= social actor

Answer 49

Our socio-emotional style. These describe HOW we interact with others, and HOW we regulate the self. How much are we oriented towards social reward? What does our emotional regulation look like? These are less consciously controlled.

Question 50

Values= motivated agent

Answer 50

- our personal goals, motivations, and choices - these describe our attitudes, beliefs, and ideologies - these are more consciously controlled

Question 51

Research (meta-analysis from 2015) suggests some trends on the relationship between Traits and Values:

Answer 51

Openness- predicts highly valuing stimulation, self-determination and universalism, predicts lowly valuing conformity, tradition and security Conscientiousness: predicts highly valuing conformity and security Extraversion: predicts highly valuing power, achievement, hedonism and stimulation Agreeableness: predicts highly valuing universalism, benevolence, conformity, tradition and lowly valuing power

Question 52

religion and morality

Answer 52

Religion is one of the strongest influences of moral development - religion offers people a sacred canopy; a common socio-moral umbrella - people learn narratives about why the world exists and what place human beings serve in the cosmic order - religious figures and community members are role models for moral values, motives and behaviors

Question 53

Evolutionary theory for religion

Answer 53

- to promote cooperation among groups, which promotes inclusive fitness of individuals within the group (when the group flourishes, the members of the group are better able to survive and reproduce) - to promote solidarity and shared enterprise, such as raising the children and defending against threatening out-groups - to promote feelings of security akin to attachment processes - provide a sacred justification for group standards and laws

Question 54

Social cognitive theory for religion

Answer 54

To reinforce a sense of control in life, promoting self-efficacy and successful functioning of the individual - to promote self-regulation (avoiding risky, dangerous, and or negative stimuli like substance use and criminal behavior, encouraging polite, orderly, and civil interactions between group members - to provide positive psychological experiences, feeling loved and cared for, rationale in the face of morality, relieve anxiety caused by uncertainty

Question 55

What can explain how two people can have the same scores on Openness to New Experiences but only one likes to travel?

Answer 55

their motives

Question 56

At what age do people begin developing motivated agency?

Answer 56

0

Question 57

Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis share which perspective on human motivation?

Answer 57

motivation is based on reducing drives

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT an example of a research tool used to measure implicit motives?

Answer 58

Self-report scales

Question 59

Which is a psychological need included in both Murray's Psychogenic Needs, and in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Answer 59

Harm avoidance

Question 60

Which best describes how humanism differs from other theoretical approaches

Answer 60

Humanism centers the individual's agency and consciousness

Question 61

Evolutionary perspectives suggest humans have all of the following psychological needs EXCEPT...

Answer 61

Self-actualization

Question 62

Which theoretical approach is most supportive of humans having completely free will?

Answer 62

Humanism

Question 63

Which of the following best describes the difference between Implicit and Explicit motives?

Answer 63

Unconscious vs. Conscious

Question 64

Which of the following is closest to an intrinsic reward?

Answer 64

Improving your short-term memory

Question 65

How does self-determination theory define autonomy?

Answer 65

Feeling agentic or in control

Question 66

In what situation do I have the least autonomy?

Answer 66

Being stuck on a delayed train with no option to disembark

Question 67

People high in achivement motivation are most often drawn to what career path?

Answer 67

Business or entreupreneurism

Question 68

The more self-determined your behaviors are, the more likely you are to....

Answer 68

Cope with unexpected life events Adapt to unfamiliar environments Invest in positive relationships

Question 69

Which of the following relates the least to the achievement motive?

Answer 69

Power motive

Question 71

Which of the following relates the least to humans being a social species?

Answer 71

Autonomy

Question 72

Which best describes why morality is an evolutionarily favored trait?

Answer 72

To support positive group functioning

Question 73

Which of the following does not belong with Promotion Focused Goals?

Answer 73

Secondary control strategies

Question 74

Which of the following does not belong with Prevention Focused Goals?

Answer 74

Feeling disappointment when unsuccessful

Question 75

Based on our Authoritarianism lecture, how was studying authoritarianism improved over time?

Answer 75

Moved from type to trait

Question 76

Which workplace would someone LOW in authoritarianism most prefer?

Answer 76

One with more democratic decision-making policies (such as voting)

Question 77

Erich Fromm theorized that the general public of Germans were suceptible to following a fascist leader because..

Answer 77

Their sociopoltiical conditions made them seek comfort from strict order

Question 78

Which of the following is the least related to Right-Wing Authoritarianism?

Answer 78

Reforming conventions

Question 79

In the context of moral development, which is the best definition of "conventional"?

Answer 79

Norms, laws, rules, and other expectations on how people should behave

Question 80

People high on religiosity tend to score high on which Big 5 trait?

Answer 80

Agreeableness